The association between arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus and tRNAArg was studied. ARP does not change the equilibrium of this association. The K , values for homologous tRNA and tRNA from Escherichia coli, and the inhibition constant ( K i ) for periodate-oxidized tRNA were determined.The synergistic protection of arginyl-tRNA synthetase against heat inactivation, induced by tRNAArg, ATP and arginine, occurs in two discrete steps, the first being observed when the enzyme is incubated in the presence of tRNAArg and ATP, the second in the additional presence of arginine. With periodate-oxidized tRNA, only the first step is observed.Arginyl-tRNA synthetase dimerizes in the presence of tRNA species which can be aminoacylated by the enzyme. An effect of ATP on the kinetic parameters of enzyme-tRNA association was indicated.Fluorescence measurements show that one molecule of tRNAArg is bound per molecule of enzyme monomer (Nr 78000).It is concluded from these and previous results, that an intermediary complex composed of the enzyme h e r , to which two molecules of each substrate (tRNAArg, ATP, arginine) have been bound in an ordered sequence, forms prior to the aminoacylation reaction catalysed by the enzyme.