Chemical Speciation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> in South Phoenix, AZ

Upadhyay, Nabin; Clements, Andrea L.; Fraser, Matthew P.; Herckès, Pierre

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.61.3.302

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…PM 10 concentrations may be considered a proxy for a number of contaminants hypothetically involved in the etiology of childhood leukemia and more generally of cancer, such as heavy metals and several volatile organic compounds including dioxins, benzene, benz(a)-pyrene, and 1-3 butadiene [18–21, 48, 49]. In our analyses, the independent association between PM 10 and the disease was considerably weaker than for benzene but still possibly elevated, a relation that may be worth further study [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important factor is the rapid decrease in concentrations of pollutants emitted by motorized traffic with distance from the roadway, which makes accurate location information important. Few studies have been able to address all these issues, and none seems to have considered the independent effect of benzene taking into account another pollutant of major importance, respirable particulate matter, a key source of exposure to adsorbed toxic and carcinogenic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals [18–21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case–control study in an Italian population

et al. 2012

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Benzene, a recognized occupational leukemogen in adults, has been hypothesized to also increase the risk of childhood leukemia. We carried out a population-based case–control study in a northern Italy community involving 83 cases with acute childhood leukemia diagnosed in the years 1998–2009 and 332 matched controls. We assessed residential exposure to benzene and to particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) from motorized traffic using geocoded residences and detailed emission and dispersion modeling. Exposure to benzene, and to a lesser extent to PM10, appeared to be independently associated with an excess leukemia risk. When we stratified the study population by age and by leukemia subtype, the relative risk associated with benzene exposure was higher among children aged less than 5 years, and despite small numbers this relation appeared to be considerably stronger for acute myeloid leukemia than for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Overall, these findings suggest that exposure to low levels of benzene released from motorized traffic may increase the risk of childhood leukemia, and suggest a possible independent effect of PM10, although unmeasured confounding due to other pollutants cannot be ruled out.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case–control study in an Italian population

et al. 2012

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“…As shown in the Table 4, no element shows consistently an EF <1; enrichment values are greater than 10 except for Mn (5318.0,19.1,490.7,335.6,62.3,57.1,136.5 and 7.3, respectively for Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Mn). This suggests anthropogenic sources of elements than crustal source (Upadhyay et al, 2011). Co is commonly used in ceramic and glass materials.…”

Section: Metal Contentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Sewage Sludge in Agricultural Soil as Fertilizer in the Republic of Benin (West Africa): What are the Risks of Heavy Metals Contamination and Spreading?

Suanon¹,

Tometin²,

Dimon³

et al. 2016

American Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Abstract:Biosolids are the treated organic residuals, also known as sewage sludge, which are generated from domestic wastewater treatment plants. It is an organic matter and nutrients [phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N)]-rich material. Due to these properties, it is has been reported to be a suitable fertilizer or soil amendment which can valuably replace synthesized NPK. Unfortunately, this matter is heavily loaded with inorganic pollutants, namely heavy metals which limit its land application. Here, we evaluated the quality of treated sewage sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in the republic of Benin; and assessed the eco-toxicological risks of heavy metals contamination and spreading related to the use of sludge as fertilizer in agriculture. Results revealed a slightly alkaline (pH ≥6.5) and high electrical conductivity (EC >4 mS cm −1 ) of the sludge. Heavy metals including Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Mn contents were at high level: 27.1, 18.6, 777.1, 1271.7, 165.5, 297.0, 131.2, 3184.0 and 394.2 mg kg −1 DM, respectively. Further fractionation of metals showed high mobility of metals classified as follow: Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Fe > Mn > Co > Zn. As a consequence, although the sludge is rich in organic matter and phosphorous, its high value of EC and heavy metals contents, with high mobility do not favor its used in agriculture soils. In addition, metals were enriched in the sludge; meaning that anthropogenic sources, human activities greatly contributed to the accumulation of metals in the sludge.

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“…PM 2.5 and PM 10 mass and OC concentrations Figure 1 presents the PM mass and OC concentrations for PM 2.5 (a) and PM 10 (b) observed at the different locations during the study as well as urban PM concentrations measured in the Phoenix area (Upadhyay et al, 2011b) as a reference. Overall mass and OC concentrations of both PM 2.5 and PM 10 are in the range of an urban area in general and Phoenix in particular.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of aerosol emissions from wastewater aeration basins

Upadhyay

Sun

Allen³

et al. 2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The emission of particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) by aeration processes at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with and without odor control units was examined. Local concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NH 3 at the aeration basins were within urban ranges. Emission fluxes of NH 3 and PM 2.5 for a medium-sized WWTP were determined to be 136 g day À1 and 43 g day À1 , respectively, which are not substantial emission fluxes for urban environments. Odor control treatment using a granulated activated carbon bed reduced aerosol and NH 3 emissions substantially. Detection of sterols, in particular the fecal sterol campesterol, in the PM clearly demonstrates aerosolization of wastewater components in the aeration process. The presence of campesterol in PM 2.5 at a remote fenceline location in a WWTP facility illustrates that wastewater components are aerosolized in the fine PM fraction and transported beyond the facilities.Implications: Wastewater treatment plants are potential emission sources of particulate matter and gases. This study characterized particulate matter emissions from aeration basins and quantified emissions fluxes of particulate matter and NH 3 . While fine and coarse particles as well as NH 3 are being emitted, the overall emissions are small compared to other urban sources. However, fecal steroid presence in particles at the fence of a treatment plant demonstrates that wastewater material is getting aerosolized and transported beyond the facilities.

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Chemical Speciation of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in South Phoenix, AZ

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case–control study in an Italian population

Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case–control study in an Italian population

Utilization of Sewage Sludge in Agricultural Soil as Fertilizer in the Republic of Benin (West Africa): What are the Risks of Heavy Metals Contamination and Spreading?

Characterization of aerosol emissions from wastewater aeration basins

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Chemical Speciation of PM2.5 and PM10 in South Phoenix, AZ

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case–control study in an Italian population

Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case–control study in an Italian population

Utilization of Sewage Sludge in Agricultural Soil as Fertilizer in the Republic of Benin (West Africa): What are the Risks of Heavy Metals Contamination and Spreading?

Characterization of aerosol emissions from wastewater aeration basins

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Chemical Speciation of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in South Phoenix, AZ