Chemical Speciation and Metallomics

Abstract

Chemical speciation approaches is an inherent part of metallomics, once metals/metalloids and organic structures need to be currently evaluated for attaining metallomics studies. Then, this chapter focuses on the applications of the chemical speciation applied to the human health risk, food and human diet, drugs, forensic, nanoscience, and geological metallomics, also pointing out the advances in such area. Some aspects regarding sample preparation is commented along this chapter, and some strategies for maintaining the integrity of the metallomics information are also emphasized.

Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19

“… 103 For example, during the storage step, some disadvantages can be pointed out, such as degradation that will depend on the species chemical nature and can be influenced by biochemical processes such as enzymatic activity. 19 Besides, the temperature is an important parameter for chemical reaction rates, which can determine the rate of transformation of species. 102 , 106 Therefore, reducing the temperature is an important decision to decrease species transformation.…”

“…To minimize the presence of interferent compounds that can compromise the detection sensitivity of the analytical method, the sample treatment procedure is generally required. 19 , 22 , 103 Several types of sample preparation are described in the literature to remove interferents, such as solid-phase extraction and its miniaturization strategies, 107–112 liquid–liquid extraction, and its miniaturization approaches, 113–116 cloud point extraction, 117 ionic liquid extraction, 118–121 membrane-associated solvent extraction 24 , 114 and ultrasound-assisted extraction. 22 , 99 , 122 Many of these methods are examples of sample preparation approaches used in studies focusing on metallobiomolecules.…”

“…LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), 27 , 28 SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry), 29 , 30 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), 31 , 32 and LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy) 33 , 34 are also important techniques to obtain information on the spatial distribution of metals in solid samples, such as tissues and cells. 17 , 19 , 35 , 36 …”

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based platforms for studies involving nanoparticle effects in biological samples

“…iquid chromatography coupled to ICP‐MS (LC‐ICP‐MS) has been extensively used for evaluating metallobiospecies in several organisms because such a strategy can provide elemental information that is related to molecular information . From a nanometallomics point of view, it is important to monitor and evaluate the NPs and their effects because they exhibit different properties of ionic and microscale materials . Although only a few studies report on the evaluation of NPs using LC‐ICP‐MS, such a strategy combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐MS) is a valuable alternative to obtain more information regarding NP biotransformation and its effects in a given organism.…”

“…In fact, the NPs can be monitored and separated according to their size using LC‐ICP‐MS, as well as NPs can be distinguished by their free ions. This information makes it possible to predict the behavior of NPs and their stability in the environment or in an organism . In addition to speciation from different elements in biological samples, hyphenated techniques, such as LC‐ICP‐MS, have been considered for NP speciation …”