Chemical Speciation Analysis of Sports Drinks by Acid–Base Titrimetry and Ion Chromatography: A Challenging Beverage Formulation Project

Abstract

This article describes a three-part laboratory project that integrates a full chemical speciation analysis for use in undergraduate analytical chemistry classes. Laboratory analyses include base standardization, potentiometric or colorimetric titration, and ion chromatography. Potentiometric or colorimetric titration is used to analyze for citric acid, potassium hydrogen phosphate, and citrate while ion chromatography is used to analyze for chloride, phosphate, and total citrate in commercially available sports drinks and powders. The examples illustrated in the article include formulation analyses of Gatorade and Powerade liquid beverages. Determining the formulation of the beverage requires integrating theory with lab data through a detailed analysis of the chemical speciation of citrate and phosphate.

Randomised clinical trial: polyethylene glycol 3350 with sports drink vs. polyethylene glycol with electrolyte solution as purgatives for colonoscopy – the incidence of hyponatraemia

“…Each 1 L of sports drink contains approximately 20 mmol/L sodium, 3 mmol/L potassium, 12 mmol/L chloride, 12 mmol/L citrate and 3 mmol/L phosphate, and the osmolality is approximately 360 mOsm/L. [18][19][20][21] Much of this is carbohydrate, which is metabolised rapidly. Sports drink is therefore quite hypotonic, with a cationic electrolyte concentration of approximately 23 mmol/L.…”

“…Tolerance was measured using a 10-point Likert scale which rated nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, light headedness and bloating from 0 (none) to 10 (severe). In addition to the 2 L purgative, patients estimated fluid intake the day prior to colonoscopy as <3 L, 3-5 L or >5 L. Anxiety was scored using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), consisting of 21 items rated on a scale of 0 (none) to 3 (severe) and added into a final score: minimal (0-7), mild (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), moderate (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), and severe (26-63). 22 Subjects' weights and vital signs, including orthostatic assessments, were measured.…”

Metal mobility and toxicity of reclaimed copper smelting fly ash and smelting slag

“…The residual fraction of Zn in RCS y ash was only 32.60% but this increased signicantly to 78.63% in smelting slag. Metal mobility increases in the following sequence: exchangeable and soluble < reducible < oxidizable < residual, 39,40 indicating that the mobility of Zn in RCS y ash is much higher than that in smelting slag. Conversely, the residual Table 2.…”

Using PyMOL to Explore the Effects of pH on Noncovalent Interactions between Immunoglobulin G and Protein A: A Guided‐Inquiry Biochemistry Activity

“…One particular challenge associated with this concept are the multiple models that chemists employ for acids and bases . Even though students have had instruction regarding the concepts of acids and bases, pH and p K a in several courses by the time they begin their study of biochemistry, many students have difficulties with the concepts and applying them to biological systems . Students depend heavily on symbolic manipulation of mathematical concepts to communicate their understanding of pH and p K a .…”