Chemical restraints for the agitated, violent, or psychotic pediatric patient in the emergency department: controversies and recommendations

Sorrentino, Annalise

doi:10.1097/00008480-200404000-00016

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…There is little literature evaluating the safety and efficacy of CRs in the prehospital setting. Only two studies looking at CRs in the EMS setting looked at the safety and efficacy of adding CRs to physical restraints, but they were focused on the pediatric population (20,21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Use of Chemical Restraints Reduces Agitation in Patients Transported by Emergency Medical Services

Weiss

Peterson

Cheney

et al. 2012

The Journal of Emergency Medicine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the literature on chemical restraints involves emergency departments (EDs) as well as psychiatric emergency services. Two studies looking at chemical restraints in the EMS setting looked at the safety and efficacy of adding chemical restraints to physical restraints but were focused on the pediatric population (19)(20)(21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Chemical Restraints Reduces Agitation in Patients Transported by Emergency Medical Services

Weiss

Peterson

Cheney

et al. 2012

The Journal of Emergency Medicine

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“…Trying to place the issue of treating aggression in perspective, Sorrentino (36) stated that "the ideal drug for chemical restraint should have several characteristics: (1) efficacy in children; (2) multiple routes of administration; (3) nonaddictive and no induction of tolerance;…”

Section: Bdzs and Other Psychiatric Presentationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Benzodiazepine use in Children and Adolescents

et al. 2005

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Clinically, benzodiazepines are used in adult populations much more frequently than in children and adolescents. There may be a number of reasons for this disparity including a dearth of well controlled clinical studies and the issue of dependence associated with long term use. However, over a ten year span there has been nearly a three fold increase in the use patterns for these agents in the child population. In open studies much of the literature has indicated potentially useful results, but these findings have not been replicated when more refined methodological studies have been conducted. The lack of encouraging results in these later studies may be attributable to a number of factors such as modest sample sizes and less than optimal patient selection. Nonetheless, with increasing prescriptions being written for these agents it is not clear what is compelling clinicians to use them. In this paper we will review the available literature on benzodiazepine use in the child and adolescent population, focusing primarily on psychiatric applications.

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“…With literature suggesting harm from physical restraints, some studies have looked at the safety and efficacy of augmenting mechanical restraint protocols with a policy of chemical restraint. 17,18 A number of studies and articles have addressed restraint use in the EMS setting with mixed results. 19−22 We are unaware of any other study evaluating the demographics of EMS restraint use in the prehospital setting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%