Chemical Reactions in Fertilizer Mixtures: Effect of Ammoniation on Urea Component of Superphosphate Mixtures

Lundstrom, F. O.; Whittaker, Colin W.

doi:10.1021/ie50325a010

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Presumably, ammonium phosphate is particularly effective in this reaction because it loses ammonia on heating and thus generates a very acidic environment. In the absence of an organic component, heating ammonium phosphate with urea yields a mixture of high molecular-weight linear polyphosphates (Lundstrom & Whittaker, 1937;Osterberg & Orgel, 1972).…”

Section: Phosphorylation Of Nucleosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotic Chemistry and the Origin of the RNA World

Orgel

2004

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

913

248

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The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World. The central problem for origin-of-life studies, therefore, is to understand how a protein-free RNA World became established on the primitive Earth. We first review the literature on the prebiotic synthesis of the nucleotides, the nonenzymatic synthesis and copying of polynucleotides, and the selection of ribozyme catalysts of a kind that might have facilitated polynucleotide replication. This leads to a brief outline of the Molecular Biologists' Dream, an optimistic scenario for the origin of the RNA World. In the second part of the review we point out the many unresolved problems presented by the Molecular Biologists' Dream. This in turn leads to a discussion of genetic systems simpler than RNA that might have "invented" RNA. Finally, we review studies of prebiotic membrane formation.

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Section: Phosphorylation Of Nucleosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotic Chemistry and the Origin of the RNA World

Orgel

2004

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

913

248

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“…The corresponding crushing strengths of cakes of potassium chloride were 10 and 475 pounds per square inch as the moisture content was increased from 0.05 to 1.10 Any attempt to hasten the caking test by increasing the storage temperature much above 30°C. is also inadvisable because higher temperatures promote reactions that do not occur at lower temperatures (8,11,14). Most fertilizer mixtures are prepared during the winter and spring months and, unless heated by ammoniation or otherwise, have a storage temperature considerably below 30°C.…”

Section: Effect Of Particle Size On Cakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Caking Tendency of Fertilizers

Adams¹,

Ross²

1941

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…of maleic hydrazide to inhibit sprout formation and prolong the storage life of several bulb, tuber, and root crops has been reported (4,8,9). Intact onion plants sprayed 2 weeks before harvest with 2500 p.p.m.…”

Section: Use Of Preharvest Foliar Spraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilizer Formulation, Influence of Formulation on Physical Properties of Fertilizers

Turbett¹,

MacArthur²

1954

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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This work was undertaken to determine to what degree caking in fertilizers could be controlled by formulation. A method for determining caking tendencies was devised. The composition of ammoniating solution and the solution phase of a 3-12-12 fertilizer were studied to determine their influence on caking. The work indicated that improvement in the condition of mixed fertilizer could be obtained by controlling ammoniation solution composition. Metathesis contributed markedly to the amount of objectional salts in solution and to crystal forms deposited from the solution phase, and, within the range normally found in mixed fertilizer, degree of ammoniation and moisture content contributed little to caking. Until drying becomes common practice in fertilizer manufacture, it appears that physical condition can be improved by selection of proper raw materials. The caking of mixed goods during the time between bagging and application is a problem, long recognized in the fertilizer industry. Various facets of .the problem have been studied and Worth-while information has been obtained. Adams and Ross (2) reported on the caking tendency of pure salts, Lawrence (8) discussed the factors considered most detrimental to well conditioned goods, and Rader (77) markedly increased the knowledge of the solution phase composition. Other authors have studied hygroscopicity (7, 70, 75, 76), chemical reaction (5, 6, 9, 73), and similar topics concerned with or closely related to caking of fertilizer.Study of the reported work indicated that many factors influence caking: loss of moisture, change in temperature,

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Chemical Reactions in Fertilizer Mixtures: Effect of Ammoniation on Urea Component of Superphosphate Mixtures

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Prebiotic Chemistry and the Origin of the RNA World

Prebiotic Chemistry and the Origin of the RNA World

Relative Caking Tendency of Fertilizers

Fertilizer Formulation, Influence of Formulation on Physical Properties of Fertilizers

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