Chemical Profiling with Modeling Differentiates Wild and Farm-Raised Salmon

Abstract

Classifications of fish production methods, wild or farm-raised salmon, by elemental profiles or C and N stable isotope ratios combined with various modeling approaches were determined. Elemental analysis (As, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn) of wild and farm-raised salmon samples was performed using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Isotopic and compositional analyses of carbon and nitrogen were performed using mass spectrometry as an alternative fingerprinting technique. Each salmon (king salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch ; Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar ) was analyzed from two food production practices, wild and farm raised. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were used for data exploration and visualization. Five classification modeling approaches were investigated: linear discriminate function, quadratic discriminant function, neural network, probabilistic neural network, and neural network bagging. Methods for evaluating model reliability included four strategies: resubstitution, cross-validation, and two very different test set scenarios. Generally speaking, the models performed well, with the percentage of samples classified correctly depending on the particular choice of model and evaluation method used.

Overview on Untargeted Methods to Combat Food Frauds: A Focus on Fishery Products

“…A different example of nontargeted approach applied to the differentiation of wild and farmed salmons, not based on lipid fingerprinting, was described in 2010 by Anderson et al [133]. In this work, the authors reported the chemical profiling of two populations of salmons performed by combining elemental profiles or C and N stable isotope ratios with various modeling approaches.…”

Traceability of organic fish – Authenticating the production origin of salmonids by chemical and isotopic analyses

“…With salmonids, compositional as well as isotopic parameters were applied, including differentiators derived from analyses of fatty acids (Ackman & Takeuchi, 1986;Blanchet et al, 2005;Hamilton et al, 2005;van Vliet & Katan, 1990), carotenoids (Lura & Saegrov, 1991;Turujman, Wamer, Wei, & Albert, 1997), stable isotopes (Anderson, Hobbie, & Smith, 2010;Dempson & Power, 2004;Schr€ oder & de Leaniz, 2011) and 13 C-NMR patterns ) as well as elemental analysis (Anderson et al, 2010) or combinations of the aforementioned differentiators (Aursand, Mabon, & Martin, 2000;Martinez, Standal, Axelson, Finstad, & Aursand, 2009;Thomas et al, 2008). However, the distinction between fish from organic and conventional aquaculture is less thoroughly investigated.…”

Chemometrics tools to distinguish wild and farmed meagre (Argyrosomus regius)

“…Several traceability systems are already implemented to target genotype (genetic traceability), geographic production area (geographical traceability), and feeding systems (feeding system traceability; Vinci, Preti, Tieri, & Vieri, ). Yet, the development of DNA‐based methods to identify fish species has proven to be successful for genetic traceability, but these methods are not suitable for farm‐raised or wild‐caught fish because they are the same species (Anderson, Hobbie, & Smith, ).…”

“…Element profiling is a successful tool to evaluate aquaculture product authenticity. Element profiling was used to distinguish the geographic origins of shot-neck clams (Iguchi, Takashima, Namikoshi, Yamashita, & Yamashita, 2013); geographic origin and method production of three salmon species (Anderson et al, 2010) and catfish produced in fertilized and feeding ponds (Li, Boyd, & Dong, 2015).…”