Chemical processes employing inorganic layered compounds for inorganic and inorganic–organic hybrid materials

Abstract

Recent developments in the preparation of inorganic and inorganic organic hybrid materials from inorganic layered compounds are reviewed. The focus is placed on three topics: preparation of new ion-exchangeable layered perovskites and a tungstic acid from Aurivillius phases via selective leaching of bismuth oxide sheets; grafting reactions for the preparation of two-dimensional inorganic organic hybrids; and conversion of two-dimensional inorganic organic hybrids into inorganic compounds.

Preparation and Comparative Stability of a Kaolinite-Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide Intercalation Compound for Heat and Solvent Treatments

“…24 Based on the peak areas in the diffraction lines at 1.53, 1.51, and 0.72 nm in their XRD patterns (Figure 1b,e), the ratio of the expanded layers to all kaolinite layers (the expanded layers/all kaolinite layers), which is the common indicator for the rate of intercalation reaction of kaolinite, 24,30,36 in Kaol-TBPBr and Kaol-TBABr were estimated at approximately 0.69 and 0.50, respectively. In consideration of these ratios, the actual volumes of the two-dimensional nanospaces per Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 of Kaol-TBPBr and Kaol-TBABr were estimated at approximately 0.13 and 0.090 nm 3 , respectively. As concerns the shape and size of TBA cations, their diameters as spherical shapes between the layers of manganese oxide were estimated at 0.95−1.05 nm in a previous report.…”

“…Layered inorganic materials comprise the stacking of two-dimensional, one nanometer-thick crystals with anisotropy: − lateral size (nm)/thickness (nm) 10 1 –10 5 . Some of these feature expandable interlayer spaces accommodating organic species upon intercalation via cation exchange. − Among them, clay minerals such as montmorillonite exhibit macroscopic swelling in water, allowing their interlayers to be easily modified with quaternary alkylammonium ions such as hexadecyltrimethyl- and dioctadecyldimethylammonium ions. − The resulting intercalation compounds show hydrophobic interlayer environments. − Types of such intercalation compounds have been more varied using quaternary phosphonium ions such as alkyltributyl-, alkyltriphenyl-, and tetraalkylphosphonium ions as intercalated organic species. − Among them, tetraalkylphosphonium ions intercalated in the interlayer space of montmorillonite have displayed higher thermal stability and a lower degree of hydration behavior than tetraalkylammonium ions intercalated in the interlayer spaces of montmorillonite due to the difference in their central atoms, phosphorus and nitrogen. − …”

Intercalation of Primary Alcohols into Layered Titanoniobates

“…The intercept values correspond to the c parameter for HTiNbO5 below hexanol while above hexanol the interlayer space (c/2) value for HTiNbO5 of 8.3 Å is seen. If the lower alcohols had no effect on the butylamine then the intercept would be that of (butylNH2)xHTiNbO5 (18.29 Å) and gradient would be 0 (rather than 0.34 (3)). This shows the effect that the alcohol has on the amine intercalation angle, as alcohol size decreases tilt angle increases.…”

NMR Study of Intercalates and Grafted Organic Derivatives of H2La2Ti3O10

“…A treatment of ion-exchangeable perovskite-like oxides with acids cause a replacement of interlayer alkali cations with protons, giving so-called protonated forms. In this form, these perovskite-like oxides are able to react with some organic compounds, forming inorganic-organic hybrids—substances consisting of chemically bonded inorganic and organic parts, in which the inorganic one serves as a spatial frame [ 26 ]. According to the type of bonding between the inorganic and organic parts, there are two ways of hybrid formation: intercalation and grafting [ 27 ].…”