Chemical (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metal) levels in contaminated stormwater and sediments from a motorway dry detention pond drainage system

Abstract

Chemical (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon - PAH and heavy metal) levels in stormwater and sediment samples collected from the London Orbital (M25) motorway drainage dry detention pond at Oxted, Surrey, UK were determined. Such chemicals are derived from vehicular combustion products and the wear and tear materials deposited onto the motorway surface. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 16 USEPA priority PAHs in motorway drainage sediments. The GC-MS method, incorporating a solid phase extraction step, provides detection limits ranging from 0.17 to 0.41 mg kg(-1)(dry weight). Almost all of the 16 USEPA listed PAHs were detected. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (PAH numbers 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 16) were among the PAHs found at "higher" levels (ranging from 0.3-10.2 mg kg(-1), dry weight) in the sediment samples. PAH levels show little change along the motorway drainage silt trap (facility for reducing the levels of suspended particulate matter in the stormwater). PAH concentrations are considerably higher in the dry detention pond outflow interceptor. Statistical analysis showed that significant correlation coefficients (based on a t-test at the 95% confidence interval) were obtained between those PAHs found at high concentrations over all of the sampling sites. Several PAHs were dispersed beyond the treatment facility and accumulation in the sediment of the deer park resulted in levels ranging from 0.3-1.6 mg kg(-1), dry weight. These PAHs found beyond the treatment facility (in the local farm deer park) may contribute a serious health threat to farm animals or even fish in the aquatic environment. Heavy metal levels (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Sb and Pb) of the drainage stormwater and sediments were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with quality control evaluation using two certified reference materials. Typical detection limits were found to be below 0.1 [micro sign]g l(-1) for stormwater and 0.005 mg kg(-1) for acid digested sediments. Raised heavy metal levels were found throughout the dry detention pond facility and only decrease when the stormwater is diluted following discharge into the river Eden. Statistical analysis also confirms that some significant correlations exist between various heavy metals and PAHs. However, no overall conclusive trend is found indicating that a particular PAH is deposited in sediment relative to a specific heavy metal/s. These results raise some serious concerns about the dispersion and accumulation of chemicals in the sediments of motorway stormwater drainage systems and the need for maintenance and clean-up of contaminated material from such systems.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in stormwater detention pond sediments in coastal South Carolina

“…In fact, levels of contaminants in these pond sediments were so elevated the dredged sediment would not meet the criteria for reuse as residential fill material nor could they be disposed of at municipal landfills (Marsalek and Marsalek 1997). In a similar study of a highway stormwater pond in Oxted, Surrey, UK, similar levels of total PAHs (10,200 ng/g dry weight) were found (Kamalakkannan et al 2004).…”

A Minimum Data Set of Water Quality Parameters to Assess and Compare Treatment Efficiency of Stormwater Facilities

“…In this context, the relative distribution refers to the percentage each compound constitutes out of the total PAH concentration (i.e., PAH 16 ). The distribution of the 16 USEPA priority PAH compounds was found in 11 studies from around the world in which soil, road sediment, or runoff from urban areas were investigated (Kjølholt et al, 1997; Gonzalez et al, 2000; Menzie et al, 2002; Rocher et al, 2004; Kamalakkannan et al, 2004; Brown and Peake, 2006; Hwang and Foster, 2006; Boll et al, 2008; Ichiki et al, 2008; Zhang et al, 2008b; DiBlasi et al, 2009). The distribution of the individual compounds relative to the total concentration of the 16 USEPA priority compounds can be seen in Fig.…”

Laboratory Study of Heavy Metal Phytoremediation by Three Wetland Macrophytes

“…Highway stormwater runoff has been studied by many researchers (Moxness, 1986(Moxness, , 1987(Moxness, , 1988Driscoll, Shelley, and Strecker, 1990;Sansalone and Buchberger, 1997;Drapper, Tomlinson, and Williams, 2000;Fritioff and Greger, 2003;Kamalakkannan et al, 2004; Kirby et al, 2005) to determine which pollutants are present in the runoff and what threat they pose to receiving waters. Each study identified phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) as some of the most important pollutants to be monitored.…”