Chemical Nature of Organic Color in Water

Christman, Russell F.; Ghassemi, Masood

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x

Cited by 121 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Mackereth (1963), Banoub (1973), De Haan (1976), and De Haan et al (1982, all showed direct and similar relationships between the absorbance at wavelengths between 250 and 320 nm and dissolved organic carbon for a variety of waters. A similar relationship between absorbance and hydroxylated aromatic compounds has been demonstrated for the lignin-derived compounds in Kraft bleach effluents (Timperley 1975;McLachlan 1981) and the chemical similarity between wood degradation products and humic compounds in water has been shown (Christman & Ghassemi 1966;Packham, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Dissolved coloured compounds and suspended matter in the waters of the middle Waikato River

Timperley

1985

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Concentrations of suspended matter and filtrable hydroxylated aromatic compounds (HAC) together with turbidity and light absorbance measurements at 270 and 750 nm are reported for monthly samples, over one year, of water from the tailraces of the nine hydroelectric power stations on the Waikato River, North Island, New Zealand. Between Lakes Aratiatia and Karapiro the suspended matter concentrations increase 3-fold. The concentrations of HAC increase only slightly in all lakes except Lake Maraetai where a 3-fold increase occurs because of Kraft bleach effluent from the New Zealand Forest Products Limited, Kinleith Mill. This effluent also causes a marked increase in the absorbance at 270 nm, a measure of the brown colour attributable to dissolved organic compounds. The HAC in the effluent are linearly related to absorbance at 270 nm. The use of these easily measured parameters for detecting changes in water appearance, i.e., colour and clarity, are discussed. Measurements of light scattering, either turbidity or absorbance, appear to have sufficient sensitivity to detect changes in relative water clarity. The ratio of inorganic to organic suspended matter increases down the river and measurements of these two components could be used to detect changes in water appearance resulting from changes in the suspended matter composition. The absorbance at 270 nm of filtered water is a convenient and sensitive indicator of dissolved colour but a range of unidentified compounds contribute to this absorbance and for control of the brown coloration caused by timber processing effluents, limits on the discharge of HAC may be more useful.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Dissolved coloured compounds and suspended matter in the waters of the middle Waikato River

Timperley

1985

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were measured with tetramethylsilane (TMS) or 3- Further, compound 2, which gave the highest yield of cyanogen chloride, reacted with chloramine to give o-carboxycinnamonitrile (6). The yield of cyanogen chloride from 6 was higher than that from 2 ( Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7][8][9] In the previous papers,10-13) we reported that cyanogen chloride was formed by the reactions of aromatic compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, phenolic compounds and aromatic amino acids with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion in a neutral aqueous solution at room temperature and that the formation of cyanogen chloride was due to the cleavage of the aromatic rings by chloramine. We also reported that cyanogen chloride was formed during chlorination of raw water sampled at water treatment plants and showed that the formation of cyanogen chloride might be due to the reaction of humic substances with chloramine.14) This result suggests that chloramination reaction with organic compounds often occurs during the chlorination process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of cyanide ion or cyanogen chloride through the cleavage of aromatic rings by nitrous acid or chlorine. X. Pathway of cyanogen chloride formation in the reactions of 1-naphthol and 4-phenylimidazole with chloramine.

Ohya

Kanno

1988

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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The pathway in the formation of cyanogen chloride from the reaction of 1-naphthol (1) and 4-phenylimidazole with chloramine was investigated. The intermediates isolated in the reaction of 1-naphthol (1) with chloramine were N-chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone 2-imine (2) and o-carboxycinnamonitrile (6), the latter of which, liberating cyanogen chloride, was finally converted to phthalide-3-carboxylic acid (8). The products obtained in the reaction of 4-phenylimidazole (10) with chloramine were benzonitrile (14), benzoylformic acid (22) and benzoic acid (23) besides cyanogen chloride. Cyanogen chloride formed by the reaction of 4-methylimidazole with [15N]-chloramine was C14NC1. From these results the pathway of cyanogen chloride formation was elucidated.

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“…Some degradative procedures that have produced measurable quantities of subunits from aquatic humic and fulvic acid include alkaline hydrolysis (2) and oxidation using copper oxide (3)(4)(5)(6), potassium permanganate (2,7), and chlorine (8)(9)(10). Classes of compounds that represent the majority of the compounds produced by each method are given in Table I. Liao (2, J I) exposed isolated humic and fulvic acid from two aquatic sources (Black Lake, North Carolina, and Lake Drummond, Virginia) to 0.5 Ν NaOH for 1.5 h to get under 2% by weight of acidic ether-extractable products.…”

Section: Oxidation and Hydrolysis Of Aquatic Humic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Degradation by copper oxide appears to be the only oxidation method reviewed to give noncarboxylic phenols. Although it is likely that these compounds exist as such in the parent molecule, decarboxylation of o-phenolic acids can occur with copper oxide treatment (3,15).…”

Section: Oxidation and Hydrolysis Of Aquatic Humic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Degradation of Humic Substances for Structural Characterization

Sonnenberg

Johnson

Christman

1988

Advances in Chemistry

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Chemical degradations of humic substances are reviewed, with emphasis on the identity of the products and how these compounds relate to the overall structure of the humic macromolecule. The methods described include (1) reduction using metals, hydrogen, and metal hydrides; (2) oxidation with copper oxide, permanganate, and chlorine; and (3) alkaline hydrolysis. Experimental results are reported for the reductive and solvolytic degradation of isolated aquatic humic acid using metallic sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia. A number of highly oxygenated compounds, many that commonly result from oxidative procedures, are identified in the reduction mixture. The presence of these structures in the original humic macromolecule is suggested. DEGRADATIVE TECHNIQUES CAN BE EFFECTIVE TOOLS for structural elucidation of complex natural polymers (I). Prediction of the types of bondsthat are unstable to a particular method of degradation, coupled with identification and quantification of products, can indicate what substructures are included in the macromolecule and how they are linked together. Ideally, these techniques will produce untransformed subunits in a mechanistically predictable manner.Degradative methods have long been used to examine the subunits that exist in humic substances and their mode of attachment to the parent molecule. Aquatic humic material has been degraded hydrolytically and oxidatively by a variety of methods. However, because of the uncertainty about

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Chemical Nature of Organic Color in Water

Cited by 121 publications

References 10 publications

Dissolved coloured compounds and suspended matter in the waters of the middle Waikato River

Dissolved coloured compounds and suspended matter in the waters of the middle Waikato River

Formation of cyanide ion or cyanogen chloride through the cleavage of aromatic rings by nitrous acid or chlorine. X. Pathway of cyanogen chloride formation in the reactions of 1-naphthol and 4-phenylimidazole with chloramine.

Chemical Degradation of Humic Substances for Structural Characterization

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