Chemical Nature of an Insect Gall Growth-Factor

McCalla, D. R.; Genthe, Margaret K.; Hovanitz, William

doi:10.1104/pp.37.1.98

Cited by 52 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…the nymphal stages feed on the leaf, where the eggs were deposited and stimulate gall development by translocating a chemical stimulus on the adaxial and abaxial side of the A. scholaris leaves. mc Calla et al (1962), working on the leaf galls of willow induced by sawflies, observed that the initial stimulus for the initiation of gall formation comes from the fluid formed in accessory glands of female which is injected into the plant by female at the time of egg laying. By depositing multiple eggs at the same host location, multichambered galls develop and such a development is considered as an evolved trait among gall inducing insects (Stone et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)

2011

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-(morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)). morphological, anatomical and biochemical alterations in foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. induced by the insect Pauropsylla tuberculata (Psyllidae) are described and quantified. Galls occur isolated or agglomerated on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The insect along with the egg deposits some physiologic fluid which act as a stimulant for the induction of the gall. This stimulus brings about hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia of cells next to the location of the deposited eggs. The psyllid presents three nymphal instars, from eclosion of the egg to the adult. hyperplasia in the palisade cells is very distinctly noticed. hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia takes place and brings about elevation of hypodermal and palisade parenchyma which undergoes repeated anticlinal divisions. neoformation of phloematic bundles were distinctly noticed close to the site of infection. With an increase in the growth of the gall, chlorophyll content in the gall tissue decreases. A steady increase of sugar content is noticed. the immature galled tissue showed almost two fold increases in the protein content. the mature galled tissue showed a very high increase in the proline content compared to the immature galled tissue indicating a stressed condition of the galled tissue.key words -hyperplasia, hypertrophy, Pauropsylla tuberculata RESUMO -(estudos morfológicos, anatômicos e bioquímicos em galhas foliares de Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)). Alterações morfológicas, anatômicas e bioquímicas nas galhas foliares de Alstonia scholaris, induzidas pelo inseto Pauropsylla tuberculata (Psyllidae), são aqui descritas e quantificadas. As galhas ocorrem isoladas ou aglomeradas na superfície abaxial da folha. O inseto, juntamente com os ovos, deposita fluidos fisiológicos que atuam como um estimulante na indução da galha. Este estímulo gera hipertrofia seguida por hiperplasia das células localizadas próximas ao local de deposição dos ovos. O inseto apresenta três estágios de instares ninfais, a partir da eclosão do ovo até o adulto. A hiperplasia das células do parênquima paliçádico é bem distinta. A hipertrofia seguida pela hiperplasia ocorre e causa uma elevação da hipoderme e do parênquima paliçadico que sofre repetidas divisões anticlinais. A neoformação de feixes floemáticos é distinta próxima ao local da infecção. Com o aumento no crescimento da galha, o conteúdo de clorofila nos tecidos da galha diminui. Ocorre um aumento constante no conteúdo de açúcares. O tecido da galha madura mostra um aumento grande no conteúdo de prolina quando comparado ao tecido da galha imatura, indicando a condição de estresse do tecido galhado.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)

2011

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“…Oviposition is known to induce several plant galls, especially in hymenopterans, as for example in Pontania sawflies (McCalla et al, 1962;Leitch, 1994). However, numerous other galls are induced and maintained by the (feeding) activity of the galling larva, as in Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), Homoptera, Hemiptera, gall forming Lepidoptera, and Acari (Rohfritsch, 1992).…”

Section: How Do Herbivores Deal With the Induced Plant Responses?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of plant responses to oviposition and feeding by herbivorous arthropods: a comparison

Hilker

Meiners

2002

Entomologia Exp Applicata

136

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Plants may respond both to feeding and oviposition by herbivorous insects. While responses of plants to feeding damage by herbivores have been studied intensively during the past decades, only a few, but growing number of studies consider the reactions of plants towards egg deposition by herbivorous insects. Plants showing defensive response to oviposition by herbivores do not 'wait' until being damaged by feeding, but may instead react towards one of the initial steps of herbivore attack, the egg deposition. Direct plant defensive responses to feeding act directly against the feeding stages of the herbivores. However, a plant may also show direct defensive responses to egg deposition by (a) formation of neoplasms, (b) formation of necrotic tissue (= hypersensitive response), and (c) production of oviposition deterrents. All these plant reactions have directly negative effects on the eggs, hatching larvae, or on the ovipositing females. Indirect plant defensive responses to feeding result in the emission of volatiles (= synomones) that attract predators or parasitoids of the feeding stages. A few recent studies have shown that plants are able to emit volatiles also in response to egg deposition and that these volatiles attract egg parasitoids. Studies on the mechanisms of induction of synomones by egg deposition show several parallels to the mechanisms of induction of plant responses by feeding damage. When considering induced plant defence against herbivores from an evolutionary point of view, the question arises whether herbivores evolved the ability to circumvent or even to exploit the plant's defensive responses. The reactions of herbivores to oviposition induced plant responses are compared with their reactions to feeding induced plant responses.

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“…Extracts and secretions of selected species of gallinducing insects have been shown to cause growth promotion and in some cases structures resembling galls (Martin, 1942;Boysen Jensen, 1948;Plumb, 1953;Leatherdale, 1955;McCalla et al , 1962). The growth promoting activity has been determined to be associated with salivary or accessory glands for some species of gall-inducing insects (Plumb, 1953;Hovanitz, 1959;McCalla et al , 1962), but it has not yet been determined which chemical or chemicals are responsible for insect-mediated gall induction and development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indole‐3‐acetic acid and ball gall development on Solidago altissima

Mapes

Davies

2001

New Phytologist

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Summary• Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations are reported in ball galls, stem tissue, and in the gall-forming larvae of the tephritid fly Eurosta solidaginis , to gain insight into the mechanism of ball gall formation on the goldenrod, Solidago altissima .• IAA was identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with [ 13 C 6 ]-IAA as an internal standard.• Concentrations of IAA were higher in gall tissues than in stem tissues on a weight per stem length basis, but not on a weight per weight basis. First instar larvae of E. solidaginis contained IAA at 9 µ g g -1 f. wt or 1.21 ng per larva, a concentration 33-times higher than in control stem tissues. Gall development was unaffected by the early removal of the apical bud and leaves from galls, and lateral bud release was inhibited by galls in terminal positions in the absence of the apical bud, indicating that ball galls act as sources of auxin.• The presence of an E. solidaginis larva results in higher amounts of IAA in a given length of stem than are found in its absence. E. solidaginis larvae may act as point sources of IAA in developing ball galls.

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Chemical Nature of an Insect Gall Growth-Factor

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)

Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)

Induction of plant responses to oviposition and feeding by herbivorous arthropods: a comparison

Indole‐3‐acetic acid and ball gall development on Solidago altissima

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