Chemical modification of matrix resin networks with engineering thermoplastics: 1. Synthesis, morphology, physical behaviour and toughening mechanisms of poly(arylene ether sulphone) modified epoxy networks

Hedrick, James L.; Yilgör, Iskender; Jurek, M. J.; Hedrick, J. L.; Wilkes, Garth L.; McGrath, James E.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(91)90168-i

Cited by 242 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Relatively low crosslinked epoxy thermosets can be toughened by the incorporation of elastomer phases, but more highly crosslinked epoxy thermosets were difficult to toughen by the method [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Therefore, highly crosslinked epoxy polymer blends modified with engineering thermoplastic polymers have been researched [7][8][9][10][11]. The improvement in toughness depended on the phase morphology of the epoxy polymer blends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of nanostructures generated in epoxy matrices blended with PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA triblock copolymers

Kishi¹,

Kunimitsu²,

Nakashima³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Stability of nanostructures of epoxy/acrylic triblock copolymer blends was studied. PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA triblock copolymers (acrylic BCPs) having several compositions on the ratio of the block chains and the molecular weight were initially prepared and were blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy thermosets. The blends were cured using phenol novolac with tri phenyl phosphine (TPP) as the catalyst. Several nanostructures, such as spheres, cylinders, curved lamellae, were observed in the cured blends. The nanostructures were controlled by the molecular weight of the immiscible PnBA-block chain and the ratio of the PnBA in the blends. Moreover, the effect of the gel time to the nanostructures was examined by altering the trace amount of the TPP in the blends. The types of the nanostructures were almost kept irrespective of the gel time of the blends when the composition of the blends was maintained. This suggested the stability of the nanostructures of the epoxy/acrylic BCP blends made via the self-assembly mechanism, therefore a phase diagram of the cured blends was proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of nanostructures generated in epoxy matrices blended with PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA triblock copolymers

Kishi¹,

Kunimitsu²,

Nakashima³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…However, the further use of epoxies is limited because of their inherent brittleness, poor crack resistance. In recent years, the feasibility of toughening highly crosslinked networks with high modulus and high T g thermoplastics has been investigated [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Addition of thermoplastics into thermosets leads to different phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is reported that the incorporation of high performance thermoplastics into a thermoset resin system leads to significant improvements in mechanical properties [9,[19][20][21][22] [28][29][30][31][32]. Bismaleimides posses high crosslinking ability, high glass-transition temperature, high thermal ability, high char yield, excellent fire resistance, superior specific strength and specific modulus, and low water absorption.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of polyethersulfone and N,N’-bismaleimido-4,4’-diphenyl methane on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy systems

Rajasekaran¹,

Alagar²,

Chozhan³

2008

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In order to improve thermo mechanical properties of cured epoxy resin, hydroxyl terminated polyethersulfone (PES) and N,N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenyl methane (BMI) were incorporated to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with diaminiodiphenylmethane (DDM). The resulting hybrid matrices, in the form of castings, were characterized for their mechanical properties like tensile, flexural and impact strength. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of the matrices were also performed to determine the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the matrix systems. The results obtained from mechanical and thermal studies indicated that the incorporation of polyethersulfone into epoxy resin improved the toughness and thermal stability of the systems. This is attributed to the formation of interpenetration polymer networks (IPNs) composed of the epoxy network and the linear PES. The incorporation of BMI into polyethersulfone modified epoxy systems increased thermal stability, glass transition temperature, tensile and flexural properties and decreased the impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy studies of polyethersulfone modified epoxy and BMI incorporated polyethersulfone modified epoxy systems exhibit homogeneous morphology confirming efficient chemical interaction and formation of intercrosslinked network structure.Keywords : polymer composites, thermal properties, mechanical properties, morphology, moisture absorption eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.2, No.5 (2008) [339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348] Available online at www.expresspolymlett.com DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.40 homogeneous hybrid thermoplastic modified epoxy with low fractions of thermoplastics [18]. It is reported that the incorporation of high performance thermoplastics into a thermoset resin system leads to significant improvements in mechanical properties [9,[19][20][21][22] [28][29][30][31][32]. Bismaleimides posses high crosslinking ability, high glass-transition temperature, high thermal ability, high char yield, excellent fire resistance, superior specific strength and specific modulus, and low water absorption. In continuation of our earlier studies, an attempt has been made in the present investigation to improve both toughness and thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy resin by incorporating hydroxyl terminated polyethersulfone (PES) and N,N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenyl methane(BMI). Materials and methodsEpoxy resin [diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)] LY556 (epoxy equivalent 189 and viscosity 10 000 cP) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) were obtained from Ciba-Geigy (India). N,N′-bismaleimido-4,4′-diphenyl methane was synthesized in our laboratory as per the reported procedure ( Figure 1) [33]. Hydroxyl terminated polyethersulfone was supplied by Jilin University, China was used as received. The chemical structures of materials used are presented in Figure 2.340 Rajasekaran et al. -eXPRESS Polymer Let...

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“…The use of thermoplastic particles as second-phase toughening agents in epoxies has been explored more recently [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. In most cases only modest improvements in the fracture energy have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases only modest improvements in the fracture energy have been reported. The greatest success has been found in those systems where functionalized oligomers of various engineering polymers have been prepared and blended with the epoxies [18,19]. The oligomers are synthesized to contain various end groups to promote adhesion to the surrounding epoxy matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughness of epoxy-poly(butylene terephthalate) blends

Nichols

Robertson

1994

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

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Blends containing 5% poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) in an anhydride-cured epoxy with three different PBT morphologies were studied. The three morphologies were a dispersion of spherulites, a structureless gel and a gel with spherulites. The average fracture toughnesses, Kic, and fracture energies, Gic, for those morphologies were 0.83, 2.3 and 1.8 MPa m 1/2 and 240, 2000 and 1150 J m -2, respectively. These values should be compared with the values of 0.72 MPa m 1/2 and 180 J m -2, respectively, for the cured epoxy without PBT. The elastic moduli and yield strengths in compression for all three blend morphologies remained essentially unchanged from those of the cured epoxy without PBT, namely, 2.9 GPa for the modulus and 115 MPa for the yield strength. The fracture surfaces of the cured spherulitic dispersion blends indicate the absorption of fracture energy by crack bifurcation induced by the spherulites. The fracture surfaces of the cured structureless gel blends indicate that fracture energy was absorbed by matrix and PBT plastic deformation and by spontaneous crack bifurcation. But phase transformation of the PBT and anelastic strain of the matrix below the fracture surfaces may account for most of the large fracture energy of the cured structureless gel blends.

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Chemical modification of matrix resin networks with engineering thermoplastics: 1. Synthesis, morphology, physical behaviour and toughening mechanisms of poly(arylene ether sulphone) modified epoxy networks

Cited by 242 publications

References 16 publications

Control of nanostructures generated in epoxy matrices blended with PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA triblock copolymers

Control of nanostructures generated in epoxy matrices blended with PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA triblock copolymers

Effect of polyethersulfone and N,N’-bismaleimido-4,4’-diphenyl methane on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy systems

The toughness of epoxy-poly(butylene terephthalate) blends

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