Chemical Mapping

Abstract

This article will provide a framework for understanding how chemical analysis can be used within the field of archaeology. Chemical mapping can be defined and understood by combining the conventional geographical definition of “map” with the scope that “chemistry” encompasses. Chemical substances can be subdivided into five interrelated classes: elements, molecules, compounds, mixtures, and materials. Each chemical substance in this classification system will have a very large collection of applicable analytical characterization techniques. Only three of the chemical substances are necessary to develop a clear, utilitarian definition for chemical mapping: elements , compounds , and materials . Relatively recently, synchrotron radiation has dramatically enhanced and expanded many chemical techniques currently used in the analysis of artifacts. Chemical maps now encompass much more detailed information for the elements, compounds, and materials, within an archaeological artifact. Recent history clearly demonstrates that unexpected scientific and technological advances will make the discipline of chemistry a continuous partner with archaeology.