Chemical Interactions of Amino Compounds and Sugars. III.¹ The Conversion of D-Glucose to 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde²

Metal‐Free Dehydration of Glucose to 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural in Ionic Liquids with Boric Acid as a Promoter

“…The mechanism of HMF formation from fructose has been debated over the years, where both a pathway with cyclic intermediates [36][37][38][39][40] as well as an open-chain mechanism [41][42][43][44][45] have been proposed. Through extensive experimental work Antal et al [36] concluded that the cyclic mechanism is the most plausible of the two and the cyclic intermediate 8 was recently identified through an NMR study.…”

Brönsted and Lewis acid ZSM-5 zeolites for the catalytic dehydration of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

“…However, Moreau et al [8] have suggested an acyclic route for the dehydration of fructose using H-mordenite as catalyst, because of the detection of glucose and mannose, which was supported by Wolfrom et al [9] from the identification of an enediol intermediate.…”

Glucose hydrolysis and oxidation in supercritical water

“…Many early studies were concerned with the role of glucose hydrolysis in the discoloration of sugar solutions. For example, aqueous, liquid solutions of glucose at 100 to 250°C were found to form S-hydroxymethylfurfural, which subsequently either hydrolyzed to levulinic acid and formic acid or polymerized to form colored products (Wolfrom et al, 1948;Singh et al, 1948;Newth, 1951;Mednick, 1962). More recently, Antal and co-workers (AntaI and Mok, 1988;Antal et al, 1990aAntal et al, ,b, 1991 studied the hydrolysis of fructose, sucrose, and xylose, both with and without an acid catalyst, at 250°C and 345 bar, to investigate the potential for enhancing yields of valuable products.…”