Chemical Insights into Oxidative and Nitrative Modifications of DNA

Abstract

This review focuses on DNA damage caused by a variety of oxidizing, alkylating, and nitrating species, and it may play an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, cancer, and degenerative diseases. Infection and chronic inflammation have been recognized as important factors in carcinogenesis. Under inflammatory conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from inflammatory and epithelial cells, and result in the formation of oxidative and nitrative DNA lesions, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-nitroguanine. Cellular DNA is continuously exposed to a very high level of genotoxic stress caused by physical, chemical, and biological agents, with an estimated 10,000 modifications occurring every hour in the genetic material of each of our cells. This review highlights recent developments in the chemical biology and toxicology of 2′-deoxyribose oxidation products in DNA.

Lycium ruthenicum water extract preserves retinal ganglion cells in chronic ocular hypertension mouse models

“…Guanine in DNA is converted to 8-OHdG upon free radical attack under oxidative stress ( Andrés et al, 2023 ). Compared to control retinas, the fluorescent intensity of the 8-OHdG markedly increased in water-fed COH eyes in the inner retina including RGC layer and the inner nuclear layer (INL), and slightly upregulated in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) ( Figure 4A ).…”

Effects of dietary methionine supplementation on the growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and subsequent development of layer chicks

“…The study revealed that the serum H 2 O 2 concentration of the chicks tended to decrease with increasing Met concentration at both 14 and 42 days old, suggesting that increasing the dietary Met concentration might affect intracellular and intercellular signaling in the organism. Hydroxyl radicals, which are potent oxidizing agents, can kill red blood cells and cause the degradation of DNA, cell membranes, and polysaccharide compounds ( Dizdaroglu and Jaruga, 2012 ; Andrés et al, 2023 ). The study revealed that increasing dietary methionine (Met) levels significantly reduced serum hydroxyl radical (·OH) concentrations in chicks at both 14 and 42 d of age, indicating potential health benefits.…”

Crafting Iron Oxides for Next-Generation Biomedical Applications

“…Protein carbonylation causes degradation and aggregation, which impairs cellular function . On the other hand, in DNA, hydroxyl radicals cause major oxidative reactions by directly reacting with nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose . This process causes DNA fragmentation by the rupture of the nucleosome, which causes alteration to the structure of DNA within the chromatin .…”

“…90 On the other hand, in DNA, hydroxyl radicals cause major oxidative reactions by directly reacting with nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose. 91 This process causes DNA fragmentation by the rupture of the nucleosome, which causes alteration to the structure of DNA within the chromatin. 64 The consequence of this reaction is gene alteration, which will affect cellular function.…”