“…There are several of methods for creating HNPs with controlled size and shape that have been reported, including electrochemical techniques, gasphase deposition techniques, pyrolysis methods, hydro-thermal, solvothermal, and sol-gel routes [8]. Co-precipitation techniques can be used to create HNPs with a variety of morphologies, such as nanowires, nanotubes, hollow spheres, and nanoflowers [9]. In the course of years, various metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts, such as AgO, Cr 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SnO 2 , SiO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , and WO 3 have been formulated and investigated for their efficacy in wastewater filtration [10].…”