Chemical Fingerprinting of Heat Stress Responses in the Leaves of Common Wheat by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be negatively affected by heat stress, and its production is threatened by global warming, particularly in arid regions. Thus, efforts to better understand the molecular responses of wheat to heat stress are required. In the present study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics, was applied to develop a protocol that monitors chemical changes in common wheat under heat stress. Wheat plants at the three-leaf stage were subjected to heat stress at a 42 °C daily maximum temperature for 3 days, and this led to delayed growth in comparison to that of the control. Measurement of FTIR spectra and their principal component analysis showed partially overlapping features between heat-stressed and control leaves. In contrast, supervised machine learning through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the spectra demonstrated clear discrimination of heat-stressed leaves from the controls. Analysis of LDA loading suggested that several wavenumbers in the fingerprinting region (400–1800 cm−1) contributed significantly to their discrimination. Novel spectrum-based biomarkers were developed using these discriminative wavenumbers that enabled the successful diagnosis of heat-stressed leaves. Overall, these observations demonstrate the versatility of FTIR-based chemical fingerprints for use in heat-stress profiling in wheat.

Decreased Photosynthetic Efficiency in Nicotiana tabacum L. under Transient Heat Stress

“…This reduces their efficiency, particularly under suboptimal light conditions [36]. This shift may stem from disturbances in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, as has been reported in other studies [8,9,[18][19][20]22,24]. Notably, when the LCP increased, the light saturation point (LSP) decreased under thermal stress, respectively (Figure 1D and Table 1).…”

“…Consequently, carbohydrate reserves are depleted. This imbalance between photosynthesis and respiration is a key factor contributing to the detrimental effects of high temperatures [8,9,[18][19][20]22,24].…”

“…Recent studies have focused on the effects of heat stress on the photosynthetic machinery, revealing significant effects [8,9,[18][19][20]22]. These findings underscore the roles of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and heat shock factors (HSFs) in the electron transport chain under heat stress [1,[23][24][25]. For instance, HSPs assist in maintaining the protein structure and preventing denaturation under extreme temperatures.…”

Spectroscopy Imaging Techniques as In Vivo Analytical Tools to Detect Plant Traits

“…Kim et al [32] proved that the growth parameters, i.e., fresh weight, dry weight, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf length, and leaf width, and photosynthetic parameters of Chinese cabbage declined with heat stress. These symptoms were also discovered in wheat [107]. In Table 4, we present a summary of heat stress investigations using HSI/MSI.…”

S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine and Cu(II) Impact Green Plant Regeneration Efficiency

“…A quick, label-free, non-destructive method for determining the metabolome profile of biological samples is infrared spectroscopy, which enables the assessment of a plant’s physiological state, as well as how well it responds to various environmental factors [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Typical plant tissue spectra exhibit several bands caused by the superimposition of a variety of chemical components.…”