Chemical Fingerprint and Multicomponent Quantitative Analysis for the Quality Evaluation of Cyclocarya paliurus Leaves by HPLC–Q–TOF–MS

Research Highlights: We firstly interpreted nutritional mechanisms involved in growth regulation and phytochemical accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja under three inoculant types, and selected bacterial inoculations for multiple purposes of C. paliurus plantation. Co-inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and N2-fixing bacteria (NFB) performed better in growth promotion and nutrient uptake than single bacterial inoculation. Background and Objectives: C. paliurus is a well-known medicinal plant as it accumulates bioactive compounds (BC) such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, and polysaccharides, in its leaves. However, the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the growth and BC yields in C. paliurus are not known. To fill this gap, the effects of different inoculants should be examined. Materials and Methods: A pot experiment was conducted and two-year-old C. paliurus seedlings were inoculated with three inoculant types (PSB, NFB, PSB + NFB). After four rounds of inoculation, the growth characteristics and concentrations of flavonoids, triterpenoids, and polysaccharides, as well as the nutrients in soil and leaves, were measured. Results: The inoculations resulted in the elevation of soil available nutrients, with improvements in plant growth, BC yield, and N and P uptake in leaves. However, the changes in BC yields were mainly a result of elevated leaf biomass rather than BC concentrations, and leaf biomass was regulated by C:N:P stoichiometry. Co-inoculation with PSB and NFB was applicable for leaf production, while inocula related to NFB resulted in higher BC yields than PSB and control. Conclusions: Our results implied that bacterial inoculants improved plant growth and BC yield by altering the nutrients in soil and leaves, while three inoculant types showed a different pattern in which co-inoculation with four strains presented a greater performance than single bacterial addition.

Section: Extraction and Determination Of Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria and N2-fixing Bacteria on Nutrient Uptake, Plant Growth, and Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja

Wang

Chen

et al. 2019

“…Total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetric method as described by Xie et al [26], while total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum trichloride colorimetric method as described by Li et al [27], and total triterpenoid content was measured by the colorimetric method as described by Fan and He [28]. HPLC analysis was conducted to detect the phenolic acid, flavonoid and triterpenoid content by following the method of Cao et al [11]. The chromatograms of the representative sample and the 16 mixed standards were shown in Supplementary Figure S1.…”

Section: Content Determination Of Bioactive Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iljinskaja, an indigenous and multifunction tree species in China, is mainly distributed in highlands of subtropical areas. Its leaves have been made into nutraceutical tea beverage for a long time in folk tradition and served as a formula of traditional Chinese medicine [11]. Moreover, the leaves of C. paliurus have been listed as new food raw material by National Health and Family Planning Commission of China since 2013 [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Assessment of Bioactive Metabolites, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja Leaves

Zhou

Chen

Lin

et al. 2019

Self Cite

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is an indigenous and multifunction tree species in China, but it is mainly used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients. To make a comprehensive evaluation on its bioactive metabolites, antioxidant and antitumor potentials of C. paliurus leaves, the leaf samples were collected from 15 geographic locations (natural populations) throughout its distribution areas. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and colorimetric methods were used to detect the contents of bioactive metabolites. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power assays. The antiproliferative activity on different cancer cell types was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Contents of bioactive metabolites, and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in the extracts were significantly affected by solvent and population. In most cases, the contents of flavonoids and triterpenoids, and the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in the ethanol extracts were higher than the water extracts. The best scavenging capacity of DPPH (IC50 = 0.34 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 0.50 mg/mL) radical occurred in the ethanol extracts of S15 and S7 population respectively, while the strongest reducing power (EC50 = 0.71 mg/mL) was achieved in the ethanol extracts of S14 population. The antiproliferation effects of C. paliurus extracts on cancer cells varied with different cell types. The HeLa cell was the most sensitive to C. paliurus extracts, and their IC50 values of the ethanol extracts varied from 0.13 to 0.42 mg/mL among C. paliurus populations. Redundancy analysis showed that total polyphenol had the greatest contribution to the antioxidant activity, but total flavonoid was mostly responsible for the antiproliferation effects. These results would provide important scientific evidences not only for developing C. paliurus as a potent antioxidant and antitumor reagent, but also for obtaining the higher yield of bioactive compounds in the C. paliurus plantation.

“…It is believed that the physiologically active substances in C. paliurus leaves are responsible for its therapeutic effects. Recently, 10 phenolic compounds have been isolated and identities from the 70% ethanol extract of C. paliurus leaves by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS [25]. Previous phytochemical investigation also reported the presence of some other bioactive nature compounds, such as triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides, from Cyclocarya species [26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja

Cao

Fang

et al. 2019

Self Cite

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is a plant with nutraceutical importance since its leaves have been used historically as folk medicines for hundreds of years. The content of 10 phenolic compounds was determined throughout the growing season by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector, while the antioxidant activities of C. paliurus leaf extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Seasonal variations in phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity as well as linkage between the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were assessed. A significant seasonal variation of phenolic compounds was observed in the leaves and the highest content appeared in May, July, and November. Seventy percent ethanol extract of C. paliurus leaves possessed a good radical scavenging potency. Meanwhile, a significant correlation between antioxidant activities and contents of phenolics was detected. Results of the relationship between molecular structures and their antioxidant activities showed that both the number and configuration of H-donating hydroxyl groups are the main structural features influencing the antioxidant capacity of phenolics, while glycosylation may reduce the antioxidant capacity. The information provided by this study not only revealed the accumulative dynamics of phenolic compounds, but also established a basis for determining the optimal time for harvesting to improve the content of beneficial compounds in the leaves of C. paliurus in the future.