Chemical facilitation and induced pathogen resistance mediated by a root‐secreted phytotoxin

Prithiviraj, Balakrishnan; Perry, Laura G.; Badri, Dayakar V.; Vivanco, Jorge M.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01964.x

Cited by 74 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Additionally, plants treated with (±) catechin exhibited increased growth, assumed to be a secondary effect due to cell wall loosening, again linking these two processes of growth and defense. 25 Although the data presented did not support our original hypothesis, the results that A. thaliana plants exposed to stranger secretions exhibit higher PR1, PDF1.3, PDF1.2b and CA1 expression with or without pathogen infection and that this increase in gene expression confers no additional pathogen resistance as compared with plants exposed to own or kin secretions opens a new chapter in understanding plant kin and stranger recognition processes. A recent study by Masclaux et al 26 that examined the transcriptome of A. thaliana plants found no discernable differences in gene expression between plants grown in the presence of kin or non-kin.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants in response to kin and stranger recognition

Biedrzycki

Lakshmanan

Bais

2011

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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IntroductionKin recognition in plants is a phenomenon that has recently gained attention in the ecology and plant biology fields as more evidence for these interactions has accumulated. Dudley and File 1 were the first to demonstrate kin recognition in plants through their experiments with Cakile edentula. In their work, C. edentula plants were grown in pots with strangers (plants that were not related) or with kin (plants grown from seed collected from the same mother). Dudley and File 1 found that plants grown with strangers allocated significantly more root mass as compared with plants grown with kin, indicating that the C. edentula plants could not only sense the relatedness of their pot neighbors, but also alter their growth according to the relatedness. In another study with Impatiens pallida, it was found that plants grown with strangers increased allocation in stems and leaves vs. when grown in the presence of kin.2 This study established that another plant species has the ability to alter growth in response to the identity of neighbors, although the response differs between species.Motivated by these studies Biedrzycki et al. 3 examined whether similar kin recognition existed in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana as well whether a root derived chemical may be involved in this response. This study differed from the previously mentioned reports in that plants were grown in liquid growth media in tissue culture plates rather than soil and pots and plants were exposed only to the media that contained secretions (secondary metabolite compound released by plant roots recent reports have demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana has the ability to alter its growth differentially when grown in the presence of secretions from other A. thaliana plants that are kin or strangers; however, little knowledge has been gained as to the physiological processes involved in these plant-plant interactions. Therefore, we examined the root transcriptome of A. thaliana plants exposed to stranger vs. kin secretions to determine genes involved in these processes. We conducted a whole transcriptome analysis on root tissues and categorized genes with significant changes in expression. Genes from four categories of interest based on significant changes in expression were identified as aTP/GST transporter, auxin/auxin related, secondary metabolite and pathogen response genes. Multiple genes in each category were tested and results indicated that pathogen response genes were involved in the kin recognition response. Plants were then infected with Pseudomonas syringe pv. Tomato Dc3000 to further examine the role of these genes in plants exposed to own, kin and stranger secretions in pathogen resistance. This study concluded that multiple physiological pathways are involved in the kin recognition. The possible implication of this study opens up a new dialog in terms of how plant-plant interactions change under a biotic stress. Key words: kin recognition, root exudates, transcriptome, Arabidopsis into the soil) from another plant ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants in response to kin and stranger recognition

Biedrzycki

Lakshmanan

Bais

2011

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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“…Especially in woody plant species, catechin and PAs accumulate upon pathogen infection and are thought to represent antimicrobial defenses (Barry et al, 2002;Miranda et al, 2007;Danielsson et al, 2011;Hammerbacher et al, 2014;Nemesio-Gorriz et al, 2016). In support of this hypothesis, pretreatment of roots with catechin induced systemic resistance in shoots against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (Prithiviraj et al, 2007). Catechin also has been shown to quench bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation by inhibiting the quorum sensingregulated gene expression involved in the production of virulence factors (Vandeputte et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 51%

Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection

et al. 2017

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Phenolic secondary metabolites are often thought to protect plants against attack by microbes, but their role in defense against pathogen infection in woody plants has not been investigated comprehensively. We studied the biosynthesis, occurrence, and antifungal activity of flavan-3-ols in black poplar (Populus nigra), which include both monomers, such as catechin, and oligomers, known as proanthocyanidins (PAs). We identified and biochemically characterized three leucoanthocyanidin reductases and two anthocyanidin reductases from P. nigra involved in catalyzing the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of catechin [2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ol] and epicatechin [2,3-cis-(2)-flavan-3-ol], respectively. Poplar trees that were inoculated with the biotrophic rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) accumulated higher amounts of catechin and PAs than uninfected trees. The de novo-synthesized catechin and PAs in the rust-infected poplar leaves accumulated significantly at the site of fungal infection in the lower epidermis. In planta concentrations of these compounds strongly inhibited rust spore germination and reduced hyphal growth. Poplar genotypes with constitutively higher levels of catechin and PAs as well as hybrid aspen (Populus tremula 3 Populus alba) overexpressing the MYB134 transcription factor were more resistant to rust infection. Silencing PnMYB134, on the other hand, decreased flavan-3-ol biosynthesis and increased susceptibility to rust infection. Taken together, our data indicate that catechin and PAs are effective antifungal defenses in poplar against foliar rust infection.

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“…Vivanco and co-workers found racemic catechin in the roots of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa, Lam.) and showing a high phytotoxic potential induced by (-)-catechin [16,17]. Lately, the natural occurrence of all flavan-3-ol enantiomers, both (+/-)-catechin and (+/-)-epicatechin was described in guaraná seeds (Paullinia cupana var.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

(-)-Catechin in Cocoa and Chocolate: Occurence and Analysis of an Atypical Flavan-3-ol Enantiomer

2007

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Cocoa contains high levels of different flavonoids. In the present study, the enantioseparation of catechin and epicatechin in cocoa and cocoa products by chiral capillary electrophoresis (CCE) was performed. A baseline separation of the catechin and epicatechin enantiomers was achieved by using 0.1 mol·L −1 borate buffer (pH 8.5) with 12 mmol·L -1 (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, a fused-silica capillary with 50 cm effective length (75 μm I.D.), +18 kV applied voltage, a temperature of 20 °C and direct UV detection at 280 nm. To avoid comigration or coelution of other similar substances, the flavan-3-ols were isolated and purified using polyamide-solid-phaseextraction and LC-MS analysis. As expected, we found (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin in unfermented, dried, unroasted cocoa beans. In contrast, roasted cocoa beans and cocoa products additionally contained the atypical flavan-3-ol (-)-catechin. This is generally formed during the manufacturing process by an epimerization which converts (-)-epicatechin to its epimer (-)-catechin. High temperatures during the cocoa bean roasting process and particularly the alkalization of the cocoa powder are the main factors inducing the epimerization reaction. In addition to the analysis of cocoa and cocoa products, peak ratios were calculated for a better differentiation of the cocoa products.

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Chemical facilitation and induced pathogen resistance mediated by a root‐secreted phytotoxin

Cited by 74 publications

References 60 publications

Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants in response to kin and stranger recognition

Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants in response to kin and stranger recognition

Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection

(-)-Catechin in Cocoa and Chocolate: Occurence and Analysis of an Atypical Flavan-3-ol Enantiomer

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