Chemical effects of different types of rubber-based products on early life stages of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

Tire rubber chemicals reduce juvenile oyster (Crassostrea gigas) filtration and respiration under experimental conditions

“…Overproduction of ROS in gills can result in them attacking mitochondria, altering membrane permeability, and inducing mitochondrial DNA damage and homeostasis disruption, resulting in overall mitochondria damage, notably to oxidative phosphorylation (the mechanism that uses O 2 to generate ATP) (Bhatti et al, 2017). In line with this hypothesis, recent studies have suggested that oxidative stress resulting from tire leachate exposures can lead to increased ROS production in oyster spermatozoa (Tallec et al, 2022), increased lipid peroxidation in mussels (Capolupo et al, 2021), and disruption of the antioxidant system in rainbow trout (Stephensen et al, 2005).…”

“…The samples (1L per treatment) were stored at -20°C until chemical analyses. Targeted chemicals were selected according to the data available in the literature (e.g., Aatmeeyata and Sharma, 2010;Kolomijeca et al, 2020;Tallec et al, 2022) 2) were screened using the selected ion monitoring (SIM) method.…”

“…They contain additives (e.g., antioxidants), transformation products, and other hazardous compounds such as metals (e.g., Zn) or extender oils and softeners (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) (Kolomijeca et al, 2020;Sadiktsis et al, 2012;Wagner et al, 2018). For instance, leachate analyses revealed the presence various compounds including zinc (519 µg L -1 ), acenaphthene (24.1 ng L -1 ), acenaphthylene (222.6 ng L -1 ), benz[a]anthracene (2.1 ng L -1 ), naphthalene (438.5 ng L -1 ), phenanthrene (49.4 ng L -1 ), pyrene (5.1 ng L -1 ) or PCB101 (8.4 ng L -1 ) after 14 days of leaching in seawater using a concentration of 100 g tires L -1 (Tallec et al, 2022).…”

“…A flow-through system was used and provided a constant flow of phytoplankton enriched seawater at controlled temperature, equipped with a tracking system consisting of continuous recorders of hydrobiological parameters taking high-frequency measurements. It provides a life-cycle approach as a complement to the standardized embryolarval development tests available for marine bivalves and already shows to be disrupted in oyster when facing tires chemical compounds (Tallec et al, 2022).…”

Comment on “A new approach to stabilization of calcareous dune sand” [Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 3581–3592 (2022)]

“…Firstly, there is the potential toxicity of leachates containing heavy metals and other chemicals common in TDA/GR materials, as well as the microplastic particles (Goli et al 2022;O'Kelly et al 2022) derived from weathering and physical breakdown of the GR additive in-situ, as sources of contamination to the terrestrial environment. Tallec et al (2022) emphasized that the use of rubber-based products (e.g., crumb rubber granulates) can induce "rubber contamination" by the release of micro-rubber and/or constitutive compounds (added during manufacturing processes and subsequently) leached out by the action of water. For instance, according to Azizian et al (2003), crumb-rubber asphalt concrete leachates a mixture of organic and metallic contaminants, with benzothiazole, 2(3H)benzothiazolone (organic compounds used in tire-rubber manufacturing) and the metals mercury and aluminum leached in potentially harmful concentrations (exceeding toxic concentrations for aquatic toxicity tests).…”