Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Compounds from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. according to Compound Classes, Plant Organs and Senegalese Sample Locations

Abstract

The chemical diversity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides growing wild in Senegal was studied according to volatile compound classes, plant organs and sample locations. The composition of fruit essential oil was investigated using an original targeted approach based on the combination of gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) both coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The volatile composition of Z. zanthoxyloides fruits exhibited relative high amounts of hydrocarbon monoterpenes (24.3 - 55.8%) and non-terpenic oxygenated compounds (34.5 - 63.1%). The main components were (E)-β-ocimene (12.1 - 39%), octyl acetate (11.6 - 21.8%) and decanol (9.7 - 15.4%). The GC and GC/MS profiling of fruit essential oils showed a chemical variability according to geographical locations of plant material. The LC/MS/MS analysis of fruit oils allowed the detection of seven coumarins in trace content. The chemical composition of fruit essential oils was compared with volatile fractions of leaves and barks (root and trunk) from the same plant station. Hexadecanoic acid, germacrene D and decanal were identified as the major constituents of leaves whereas the barks (root and trunk) were dominated by pellitorine (85.8% and 57%, respectively), an atypic linear compound with amide group. The fruit essential oil exhibited interesting antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, particularly the alcohol fraction of the oil.

Study of Some Zanthoxylum Species by Chemical and DNA Analysis Approaches

“…zanthoxyloides fruits extracts: both contain linalool, linear alcohols and aldehydes, octyl acetate, linear alkanes, psoralen and methoxypsoralen derivatives which are phototoxic. Those types are linked to Senegalese type described in literature . Cameroon Z .…”

“…Our results on African Zanthoxylum are consistent with the EO analyses published. [ ][ ][ ][ ] The macroscopic aspect of dried fruits of Z . zanthoxyloides from Cameroon is very different from other African Z .…”

“…On one hand, Zanthoxylum genus recovers hundreds of species, widely spread in Asia, from Indonesia to the hills of Himalayas and from India to Japan, but also in tropical western Africa or America . Zanthoxylum species are small trees providing small spherical fruits, of which dried pericarps are used as spice, a pungent condiment or seasoning by local populations for a long time, and now exported to be used worldwide…”

“…Roots are nicknamed the ‘African toothbrush’. [ ][ ][ ][ ] Zanthoxylum leprieurii ( Fagara leprieurii ) is also used in western Africa, with similar applications. [ ][ ]…”

Volatile Composition and Biological Activities of the Leaf Essential Oil from Zanthoxylum limoncello Grown in Oaxaca, México

“…Due to the high variability of the studied volatiles which were influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors under open field conditions, in Table 1 are just shown the volatiles found constantly along all years of collection of dried leaves from five different plant samples (1 kg each year; Figure 1). [12] During the time of study, most of the detected volatiles showed quantitative differences (p < 0.01) excepting for 1-octanal which showed a low variance ( Figure 1). Unlike the essential oils of Z. limoncello grown in Oaxaca México, no insights of aliphatic hydrocarbons were observed in that previously reported for the same species grown in Costa Rica.…”