Chemical Control of Botrytis and its Resistance to Chemical Fungicides

The aim of this study was to improve the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea of syringic acid by using the enzyme laccase to synthesize a heterodimeric compound by a coupling reaction with aniline. The synthesized heterodimer is a quinone-imine like compound (2,6-dimethoxy-4-(phenylimino)benzenone), which was characterized by using 1 H and 13 C NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. The antifungal activity of the heterodimeric compound against B. cinerea was determined in vitro and showed a higher antifungal effect than the substrates (syringic acid and aniline), inhibiting the mycelial growth with an IC 50 value of 0.14mM and delayed 2 hours the conidial germination. Also, using the fluorochrome calcofluor white, cell wall damage was observed when B. cinerea was incubated with the compound. This is the first report on antifungal activity of this type of compound against B. cinerea.

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“…This pathogen attacks many organs, stems, fruits and flowers causing great economic losses especially in post-harvest period 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cinerea is mainly managed with synthetic fungicide. These fungicides are becoming less accepted due to the increase of resistant strains and environmental pollution 1,2 . Therefore, natural products isolated from plants are an alternative to synthetic fungicides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis Cinerea of Syringic Acid, a Phenolic Acid From Grape Pomace

Mendoza

Castro

Melo

et al. 2016

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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“…It is a polycyclic disease with abundant inoculum production during spring, summer, and autumn, leading to difficult control. The use of fungicides with a single-site mode of action favors the development of resistant strains of B. cinerea (Leroux et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of isofetamid, a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide, in the control of grapevine gray mold

2014

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Gray mold is an important disease in grapevines in Chile, and its control depends primarily on the use of fungicides with a single-site mode of action. Botrytis cinerea has a high risk of developing resistance against such fungicides. Therefore, novel chemical options are needed to achieve satisfactory control of gray mold. Isofetamid is a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide with a single-site of action that inhibits cellular respiration and appears to be a new option in the chemical treatment against gray mold. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of isofetamid in controlling grapevine gray mold in Chile. Field trials undertaken in three different commercial vineyards showed that isofetamid controls gray mold to a similar extent as fenhexamid. During 2012 and 2013, 10 B. cinerea isolates were obtained from commercial vineyards in central Chile to determine their sensitivity to isofetamid. The median inhibitory concentration of isofetamid varied between 0.3-10.0 µg mL -1 and 0.6 to >10 µg mL -1 for mycelium and conidia, respectively. The efficacy of isofetamid against B. cinerea in apple bioassays varied between 61-100% and 37.5-100% for mycelium and conidia, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that isofetamid is a highly effective fungicide against B. cinerea.

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“…The foliar application of fungicides is used to protect the grape cluster and reduce the infection rate (r) as much as possible during the growing season. Nevertheless, the use of fungicides is increasingly restricted because of major environmental and human health concerns (Komárek et al, 2010) and because of the frequent development of resistant strains of B. cinerea (De Miccolis Angelini et al, 2014;Latorre and Torres, 2012;Leroux, 2004;Leroux et al, 2002).…”

Section: Chemical Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These fungicides belong to the following groups (FRAC, 2015;Leroux, 2004): i. Anilinopyrimidines (e.g., cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil); ii. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) (e.g., boscalid, penthiopyrad); iii.…”

Section: Fungicide Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea limits grape production in Chile

2015

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by Botrytis cinerea is a major disease of grapes (Vitis vinifera) that substantially reduces the yield and quality of grape production in temperate and humid regions of the world. B. cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that attacks the non-lignified aerial organs of grapes; in particular, berries are highly susceptible during ripening. The polycyclic nature and exponential progress exhibited by GM at the beginning of the its epidemic, as well as the abundant inoculum production, the high dissemination efficiency, the wide host range and the high genetic variability of B. cinerea, explain the difficulties encountered in attempting to control GM. At present, integrated disease management, including cultural and chemical control, is the main control strategy. These control measures can be used to reduce the initial inoculum or to lower the disease infection rate. However, control measures that reduce the infection rate are the most effective means of controlling GM. Important progress toward understanding the complexity of the biology and epidemiology of this pathogen has occurred in recent decades. This has allowed the improvement and development of more effective and sustainable control strategies against B. cinerea. This review article provides a recent update regarding grape GM, with special emphasis on Chilean production conditions.

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Chemical Control of Botrytis and its Resistance to Chemical Fungicides

Cited by 199 publications

References 86 publications

Improvement of the Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis Cinerea of Syringic Acid, a Phenolic Acid From Grape Pomace

Improvement of the Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis Cinerea of Syringic Acid, a Phenolic Acid From Grape Pomace

Effectiveness of isofetamid, a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide, in the control of grapevine gray mold

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea limits grape production in Chile

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