Chemical Control

Lee, Chow‐Yang; Miller, Dini; Doggett, Stephen L.

doi:10.1002/9781119171539.ch30

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…WHO [ 28 ] suggests 24 h for malaria vectors with fast-acting insecticides and beyond 24 h for slow-acting insecticides. For bed bug evaluations, Lee and colleagues [ 29 ] stated that 24 or 48 h could be used as an endpoint to assess mortality for fast-acting insecticides (pyrethroids and organophosphates) and 14 days for slow acting insecticides, such as, chlorfenapyr. The US EPA guidelines [ 30 ] recommends 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h for bed bug pesticide product performance evaluations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Leong

Singham

Shu-Chien

et al. 2020

Insects

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We evaluated the influences of insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment intervals on the bioassay results of three insecticide-resistant tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (F.) populations (Madam Mo, Tanjong Tokong, and Green Lane). This was achieved using the surface contact method and tested with six commercial insecticide products: Tandem, Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom applied at label rate on glass petri dishes. Six exposure times (5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposure for 4 or 14 days for Phantom) were tested. A susceptible common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. strain (Monheim) was used as the reference strain as no susceptible C. hemipterus strain exists. In treatment with Temprid SC, the Tanjong Tokong strain showed significantly higher KT50 values at 5, 10, and 30 min exposures than 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposures. When all resistant populations were evaluated at continuous exposure to Sumithion, they demonstrated moderate resistance levels (RR50 ranged from 6.0 to 7.9), while KT50 and KT95 of other shorter exposure times failed to be generated due to low knockdown rate. Higher mortalities were observed in Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains when tested at longer exposure times with Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom. Better killing effect was observed in the treatment with Temprid SC (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Pesguard FG161 (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Sumithrin (all C. hemipterus strains), Sumithion (all C. hemipterus strains), and Phantom (all strains tested) at longer mortality assessment intervals. We demonstrated that insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment interval could potentially affect outcomes of product performance evaluations, resulting in underestimation or overestimation of insecticide resistance levels in field populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Leong

Singham

Shu-Chien

et al. 2020

Insects

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“…Bed bugs were largely eradicated in most parts of the world during the post-World War II era due to wide scale use of pesticides, especially DDT and malathion [ 8 ]. Nevertheless, during the late 1990’s, bed bugs made a comeback and their infestations have been rapidly spreading globally [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infestation Pattern and Population Dynamics of the Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Based on Novel Microsatellites and mtDNA Markers

Mohammad

Soh

Ismail

et al. 2020

Insects

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The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.), has now emerged as an important public health pest in the tropics. Despite its alarming infestation rate, the information on its population genetics remains scarce. Here, we described the infestation structure and population dynamics of C. hemipterus in the tropics, especially Malaysia and Singapore, based on eight novel microsatellites and two mtDNA markers, including cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA genes. Across populations, microsatellite data revealed high genetic diversity with significant genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow. Analysis within populations revealed evidence of a recent bottleneck. Nonetheless, elevated genetic diversity in nearly all populations suggests that the propagule in C. hemipterus populations were much diverse, distantly related (mean r = 0.373), and not significantly inbred (mean FIS = 0.24) than that observed in Cimex lectularius from previous studies. We observed seven mtDNA haplotypes across the 18 populations studied (Hd = 0.593) and several populations displayed more than one matrilineal descent. The two markers were generally congruent in suggesting a common, genetically diverse (especially at the nuclear region) source population with possibilities of multiple introductions for the bed bug populations in the present study.

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“…The bite may result in various clinical manifestations, including mild to severe allergic reactions, such as itchiness, erythematous rash or urticaria, and occasional systemic reactions [4–7]. Bed bugs were nearly eradicated during the mid-1900s in developed nations, largely due to the liberal and widespread use of insecticides such as DDT [5,8]. Nonetheless, reservoir populations persisted in developing nations [1] and over the past two decades, there has been a global resurgence of bed bugs across the world [1,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bed bug eradication is complicated, time consuming, and expensive. Integrated pest management is normally recommended in bed bug management and may encompass the use of non-chemical options such as lethal temperatures (extreme cold or heat), vacuuming, and the direct removal of infested items [13], as well as the judicious use of insecticides [8]. Of these, insecticide treatment remains the most convenient and cost effective method used to eradicate bed bugs infestations [5,8,11], although is often unreliable due to issues of insecticide resistance [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies however, are still limited to only a few taxa considering the long history of this discovery, its importance, and the number of pest species around us [29]. Over the years, topical application and residual assays have been the usual parameter of insecticide toxicity evaluation in bed bugs [8,11,30]. Thus far, no information on the chronotoxicity and underlying mechanism of circadian regulation of insecticide susceptibility is available in bed bugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, metabolic enzyme activity, and gene expression in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

et al. 2019

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Many insect species display daily variation of sensitivity to insecticides when they are exposed to the same concentration at different times during the day. To date, this has not been investigated in bed bugs. To address this, we explored circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, xenobiotic metabolizing (XM) gene expressions, and metabolic detoxification in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius . An insecticide susceptible Monheim strain of C . lectularius was most tolerant of deltamethrin during the late photophase at ZT9 (i.e. nine hours after light is present in the light-dark cycle (LD) cycle) and similarly repeated at CT9 (i.e. nine hours into the subjective day in constant darkness (DD)) suggesting endogenous circadian involvement in susceptibility to deltamethrin. No diel rhythm was observed against imidacloprid insecticide despite significant daily susceptibility in both LD and DD conditions. Rhythmic expressions of metabolic detoxification genes, GSTs1 and CYP397A1 displayed similar expression patterns with total GST and P450 enzyme activities in LD and DD conditions, respectively. The oscillation of mRNA levels of GSTs1 and CYP397A1 was found consistent with peak phases of deltamethrin susceptibility in C . lectularius . This study demonstrates that circadian patterns of metabolic detoxification gene expression occur within C . lectularius . As a consequence, insecticide efficacy can vary dramatically throughout a 24 hour period.

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Chemical Control

Cited by 22 publications

References 57 publications

Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Infestation Pattern and Population Dynamics of the Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Based on Novel Microsatellites and mtDNA Markers

Circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, metabolic enzyme activity, and gene expression in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

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