Chemical Contaminants in Human Milk: An Overview

Sonawane, Babasaheb

doi:10.2307/3432374

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…58 Breast milk has been known to carry a number of lipid soluble chemicals that can act as mammary carcinogens. [59][60][61] Also, increased breastfeeding leads to increased differentiation of breast tissue, 62 and both these mechanisms might be playing a big role in protecting the breast from both ER1 and ER2 breast cancers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India

Dey

Boffetta

Mathews

et al. 2009

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Estrogen receptor (ER) status is an important biomarker in defining subtypes of breast cancer differing in antihormonal therapy response, risk factors and prognosis. However, little is known about association of ER status with various risk factors in the developing world. Our case-control study done in Kerala, India looked at the associations of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer. From 2002 to 2005, 1,208 cases and controls were selected at the Regional Cancer Center (RCC), Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire, and 3-way analyses compared ER1/ER2 cases, ER1 cases/controls and ER2 cases/controls using unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The proportion of ER2 cases was higher (64.1%) than ER1 cases. Muslim women were more likely to have ER2 breast cancer compared to Hindus (OR 5 1.48, 95% CI 5 1.09, 2.02), an effect limited to premenopausal group (OR 5 1.87, 95% CI 5 1.26, 2.77). Women with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to have ER1 breast cancer (OR 5 1.48, 95% CI 5 1.11, 1.98). Increasing BMI increased likelihood of ER2 breast cancer in premenopausal women (p for trend < 0.001). Increasing age of marriage was positively associated with both ER1 and ER2 breast cancer. Increased breastfeeding and physical activity were in general protective for both ER1 and ER2 breast cancer. The findings of our study are significant in further understanding the relationship of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer in the context of the Indian subcontinent. ' UICCKey words: estrogen receptor; breast cancer; India Estrogen receptor (ER) status of breast tumors has been instrumental in defining an important subtype of breast cancer with differences observed in risk factors, treatment and prognosis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Numerous studies in the past have looked at differences in etiology and risk factors pertaining to presence or absence of ER-alpha. Most of these studies were conducted in Western populations as early as 1980s. [1][2][3][4][5] Around the same time, it was also discovered that ER1 tumors that lacked progesterone receptor (PR) expression were less responsive to endocrine therapy compared to tumors that expressed PR. 8 This led to studies in the past decade that looked at the link of various risk factors of breast cancer and combined ER/PR information to better explain the underlying differences between the various subtypes of breast cancer. 9-13 Chen and Colditz 14 have emphasized the importance of taking into account the ER/PR status information of breast tumors both for effective treatment as well as risk prediction for instituting prophylactic measures. Although there might be numerous ways to subtype breast cancer, the classification into ER1 and ER2 cancer remains a key divider. 14 However, information related to ER status is lacking for populations in developing countries. In fact, in most developing countries, determination of hormone receptor status is not a part of standard pro...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India

Dey

Boffetta

Mathews

et al. 2009

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Most of these pollutants are lipophilic and are stored in body fat for a lifetime [83]. They are also found in breast milk [84] and in the amniotic fluid. Since most of these chemicals use the same pathways as natural hormones, they have been named xenoestrogens and/or endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC).…”

Section: Ii-3 Contamination Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypospadias: Interactions between environment and genetics

Kalfa

Philibert

Baskin

et al. 2011

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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“…For example, familial clustering of hypospadias among first-degree relatives has traditionally been perceived as evidence of a strong genetic component in the etiology of hypospadias. In light of the growing number of endocrine disruptors reported in human tissue (50,51), exposure to environmental contaminants is now being considered in familial clusters because of the high probability of shared exposure. In those cases where the effects are the most profound, genetic predisposition exacerbated by environmental exposure should be considered (38).…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypospadias and endocrine disruption: is there a connection?

Baskin

Himes

Colborn

2001

Environ Health Perspect

248

131

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Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in the United States, occurring in approximately 1 in 250 newborns or roughly 1 in 125 live male births. It is the result of arrested development of the urethra, foreskin, and ventral surface of the penis where the urethral opening may be anywhere along the shaft, within the scrotum, or in the perineum. The only treatment is surgery. Thus, prevention is imperative. To accomplish this, it is necessary to determine the etiology of hypospadias, the majority of which have been classified as idiopathic. In this paper we briefly describe the normal development of the male external genitalia and review the prevalence, etiology, risk factors, and epidemiology of hypospadias. The majority of hypospadias are believed to have a multifactorial etiology, although a small percentage do result from single gene mutations. Recent findings suggest that some hypospadias could be the result of disrupted gene expression. Discoveries about the antiandrogenic mechanisms of action of some contemporary-use chemicals have provided new knowledge about the organization and development of the urogenital system and may provide additional insight into the etiology of hypospadias and direction for prevention.

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Chemical Contaminants in Human Milk: An Overview

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India

Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India

Hypospadias: Interactions between environment and genetics

Hypospadias and endocrine disruption: is there a connection?

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