Chemical Composition of Roots and Tops of Dioecious Lychnis in Vegetative and Flowering Phases of Growth

Stanfield, J. Fisher

doi:10.1104/pp.19.2.377

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…In this study, however, neither biomass (size) nor N pools were dierent between sexes. The larger P pools of male plants in this study were previously also found by Stan®eld (1944), indicating that males have larger and/ or more ecient root systems compared to females.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Sexual differences in biomass and nutrient allocation of first-year Silene dioica plants

Hemborg¹,

Karlsson²

1999

Oecologia

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Reproductive and somatic biomass, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) pools were compared between females and males in 1st-year plants of Silene dioica. We estimated irretrievable resources allocated to seeds, pollen, flowers, and unrecovered summer leaf investment by collecting plant parts at abscission throughout the season. At the end of the season, we determined resources lost through senescent stems and autumn leaf turnover and resources stored in perennial roots and overwintering buds. Sexual differences in allocation patterns depended on the resource used for comparison, and whether absolute or proportional resource pools were assessed. Total resource pools in terms of biomass and N were similar for females and males. However, male plants acquired relatively more P. The proportional reproductive investment, i.e., reproductive effort, was similar for males and females in terms of biomass and N. In terms of P, male reproductive effort was higher. There was no difference between sexes in the proportional and relative biomass allocated to perennial roots and overwintering buds. However, in terms of absolute and relative N allocation to below-ground parts, females had larger reserves than males. Females, moreover, had a larger proportion of their P in below-ground parts. However, as male total P pools were larger, absolute P reserves did not differ between sexes. The high reproductive effort and N depletion of below-ground parts in males resulted largely from higher flower production compared to females. In females, seeds were the major component of reproductive effort. These results show that if biomass and nutrient allocation are assessed in parallel for dioecious plants, we obtain a more complete view of their sexual differences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…In other studies of S. dioica, females showed higher metabolic rates (Stan®eld 1944), higher survival after defoliation (Elmqvist and Gardfjell 1988), and were larger compared to males (Nigtevecht 1966). In this study, however, neither biomass (size) nor N pools were dierent between sexes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Sexual differences in biomass and nutrient allocation of first-year Silene dioica plants

Hemborg¹,

Karlsson²

1999

Oecologia

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“…Such a seasonal pattern in the concentrations of N and P in aboveground shoots has previously been documented in other populations of R. chamaemorus (Saeb0 1968, 1970, Taylor and Marks 1971, Chapin et al 1980, as well as in other deciduous species (e.g., Chapin et al 1980, Whigham 1984, Abrahamson and McCrea 1985. The concentrations of nutrients have been reported to differ between male and female plants of Cannabis sativa, Spinacea oleracea, Silene dioica, and a few other species (Loehwing 1933, Stanfield 1937, 1944, Kotaeva and Chkhubianishvili 1978. In R. chamaemorus, differences in nutrient concentrations between sexes do not appear to be consistent between populations.…”

Section: Nutrient Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Sexual Differences in Biomass and Nutrient Allocation in the Dioecious Rubus Chamaemorus

Ågren¹

1988

Ecology

170

126

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I compared the seasonal pattern of biomass distribution and amounts of N and P in male and female ramets of the dioecious perennial herb Rubus chamaemorus L. Two populations, one in an open and one in a shaded habitat, were studied for 2 yr. The cost offruit production in terms of reduction in vegetative growth was estimated in a field experiment.Ramets were larger, but the proportions of aboveground biomass, N, and P that were allocated to reproduction were lower at the shaded site than at the open site. The annual aboveground shoot of R. chamaemorus is either single-flowered or nonfloral. Female flowers had a lower dry mass and nutrient content than had male flowers. However, the ripe fruit had a dry mass, and a content ofN and P, several times as great as those of male flowers. Fruit production interfered with vegetative growth; fruit-producing female ramets produced smaller leaves, and began producing rhizome branchlets later, than male ramets and than female ramets whose flowers had been excised to prevent fruit development. Fruit-producing female ramets had a higher mortality, and a lower probability of flowering in the subsequent year, than had male ramets. The sexual differences in vegetative growth and ramet mortality were smaller in the shaded than in the open habitat. In the shaded habitat, ""50% of the ramets on male clones, and ""30% of the ramets on female clones, were floral.The results suggest that male reproductive effort is greater than female up to the time of flowering, but that the total female allocation to reproduction is greater than the total male even at relatively low levels of fruit set. The predominance of R. chamaemorus populations with male-biased floral sex ratios is proposed to be the result of males having both a greater competitive vigor and a higher flowering propensity than females.

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“…These data need to be interpreted with caution both because they concern a phylogenetically limited set of plant species, and because repeated measurements in some species have shown that sexual differences in nutrient concentrations may not be expressed in all populations, nor throughout the whole growing season (e.g., Agren 1987Agren , 1988a. There are very few comparisons of concentrations of nutrients other than nitrogen in male and female plants (for examples see Loehwing 1933;Stanfield 1944; Table 1). …”

Section: Correlates Of Sexual Differences In Herbivore Damagementioning

confidence: 97%

Sexual Dimorphism and Biotic Interactions

Ågren¹,

Danell²,

Elmqvist³

et al. 1999

Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants

112

121

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In the last decade, an increasing number of studies have suggested that males and females of dioecious plants may be differentially affected by competition, herbivory, and parasitism. In dioecious plant species, there is a fundamental sexual difference in patterns of reproductive allocation. Males may allocate more resources to reproduction than females during flowering, but total reproductive allocation is typically greater in females than in males (Chap. 6). These sexual differences in schedules of reproductive allocation have in several species been found to be associated with differences in vegetative phenology, rate of growth, morphology, and chemical composition (Lloyd and Webb 1977; Chaps. 6 and 7), which are characters that are likely to affect competitive ability and interactions with herbivores and parasites (e.g., Crawley 1983;Keddy 1989;Marquis 1992;Dix and Webster 1995).In this chapter, we first briefly discuss why sexual differences in patterns of reproductive allocation may result in differences in growth and physiology, and we formulate a number of questions concerning the relative competitive ability of the two sexes, and sexual differences in the outcome of interactions with herbivores and parasites. We then present and discuss the results of a literature review performed to answer these questions, and we conclude by discussing some demographic and evolutionary consequences of biotic interactions in dioecious plants and by identifying areas in need of further research. Reproductive Allocation and Biotic InteractionsIn several dioecious species, female plants have been shown to allocate more biomass and nutrients to reproduction than male plants given a certain minimum level of fruit production

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Chemical Composition of Roots and Tops of Dioecious Lychnis in Vegetative and Flowering Phases of Growth

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Sexual differences in biomass and nutrient allocation of first-year Silene dioica plants

Sexual differences in biomass and nutrient allocation of first-year Silene dioica plants

Sexual Differences in Biomass and Nutrient Allocation in the Dioecious Rubus Chamaemorus

Sexual Dimorphism and Biotic Interactions

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