Chemical composition of eastern Mediterranean aerosol and precipitation: Indications of long-range transport

Abstract

Abstract

Trace metals solubility in rainwater: evaluation of rainwater quality at a watershed area, Istanbul

“…Zn was generally reported as the most abundant metal in the precipitation (Balls 1989;Al-Momani 2003;Lawlor and Tipping 2003;Avila and Rodrigo 2004). However, Cu is rarely reported as the second one (Al-Momani et al 1997). High values for Cu in bulk precipitation in our site are probably related to local industrial emissions, particularly the cement plant in that area.…”

Aerosol and precipitation chemistry in the southwestern United States: spatiotemporal trends and interrelationships

“…This link is supported by a large inventory of previous work: (i) measurements in Asia indicate that dust is a significant source of ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, largely of anthropogenic origin which comes together with dust, in snow and glaciers (Wake et al, 1990; Kreutz et al, 2001; Zhao et al, 2011); (ii) a close association of ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ with crustal matter was argued to explain the close relationship between ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ and Ca 2+ in rain water in India (Satyanarayana et al, 2010); (iii) Zhang et al (2007) suggested that acids such as HCl react with windblown crustal particles to yield a high Mg 2+ /Cl – correlation in China; and (iv) dust surfaces have been shown to become coated with soluble species such as ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$, and Cl – (Desbouefs et al, 2001; Sullivan et al, 2007; Matsuki et al, 2010) leading to enhanced hygroscopic properties (Levin et al, 1996; Koehler et al, 2007; Crumeyrolle et al, 2008; Sorooshian et al, 2012). Correlations between similar subsets of species (crustal species, ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}∕{\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}∕{\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$, and the combination of the latter two) have also been observed in other regions such as the Mediterranean, Turkey, India, Brazil, Mexico, and China (Al-Momani et al, 1997; Basak and Agha, 2004; Safai et al, 2004; Mouli et al, 2005; Baez et al, 2007; Zhang et al, 2007; Teixeira et al, 2008; Yi et al, 2010; Raman and Ramachandran, 2011). …”

“…ammonium from agriculture and calcium carbonate from soil dust), are India (Khemani et al, 1987; Kulshrestha et al, 2005; Mouli et al, 2005), Jordan (Al-Khashman, 2009), Niger (Galy-Lacaux et al, 2009), Spain (Avila et al, 1997, 1998), Israel (Herut et al, 2000), Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Jiwozi and Shuzhan in China (EANET Executive Summary, 2011). Regions with lower rain pH values include the eastern United States, eastern Mediterranean, Canada, Turkey, Thailand, Singapore, and China (Granat et al, 1996; Al-Momani et al, 1997; Sirois et al, 2000; Balasubramanian et al, 2001; Qin and Huang, 2001; Basak and Alagha, 2004; Likens, 2007). It is cautioned that the temporal range of measurements is varied for these studies, which can affect pH comparisons; for example, reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions in the Southwest over the last several years have resulted in reduced particulate sulfate levels (Matichuk et al, 2006; Sorooshian et al, 2011), which influences precipitation pH.…”

Chemical Characterization and Source Determination of Trace Elements in PM2.5 and PM10 from an Urban Area, Northern Jordan

“…Elevated levels of heavy metals in the atmosphere can be caused by various local sources [6,7] or by "long-range transported aerosols from other regions [8][9][10]". Due to their small size and long residential time of several days to weeks in atmosphere, fine particles can travel for long distances.…”