Chemical Composition of Bulk Precipitation and Its Toxicity Potential Index in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico

Loya-González, Darithsa; Serna, Daniel López; Barbosa, Juan Manuel Alfaro; López-Reyes, Antonio; González‐Rodríguez, Humberto; Silva, Israel Cantú

doi:10.3390/environments7120106

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Ions such as NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and SO 4 2− , are usually indicators of secondary aerosol and long-range transport [8]. Air mass trajectories combined with the chemical composition of rainwater provide information on the origin of atmospheric pollutants [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part A: Major Ions

Brugnone

D’Alessandro

Parello

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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The chemical composition of rainwater was studied in two highly-industrialised areas in Sicily (southern Italy), between June 2018 and July 2019. The study areas were characterised by large oil refining plants and other industrial hubs whose processes contribute to the release of large amounts of gaseous species that can affect the chemical composition of atmospheric deposition As in most of the Mediterranean area, rainwater acidity (ranging in the study area between 3.9 and 8.3) was buffered by the dissolution of abundant geogenic carbonate aerosol. In particular, calcium and magnesium cations showed the highest pH-neutralizing factor, with ~92% of the acidity brought by SO42− and NO3− neutralized by alkaline dust. The lowest pH values were observed in samples collected after abundant rain periods, characterised by a less significant dry deposition of alkaline materials. Electrical Conductivity (ranging between 7 µS cm−1 and 396 µS cm−1) was inversely correlated with the amount of rainfall measured in the two areas. Concentrations of major ionic species followed the sequence Cl− > Na+ > SO42− ≃ HCO3− > ≃ Ca2+ > NO3− > Mg2+ > K+ > F−. High loads of Na+ and Cl− (with a calculated R2 = 0.99) reflected proximity to the sea. Calcium, potassium, and non-sea-salt magnesium had a prevalent crustal origin. Non-sea salt sulphate, nitrate, and fluoride can be attributed mainly to anthropogenic sources. Mt. Etna, during eruptive periods, may be also considered, on a regional scale, a significant source for fluoride, non-sea salt sulphate, and even chloride.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part A: Major Ions

Brugnone

D’Alessandro

Parello

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…Trace elements contained in dry deposition are usually of more local origin than those contained in wet deposition, which may also originate from regional-scale sources [42]. Air mass trajectories combined with the chemical composition of rainwater provide information on the origin of atmospheric pollutants [43,44]. Beyond the differences in emission sources, different land uses and size distributions of trace elements in atmospheric aerosols are considered to influence the trace element wet/dry ratios of different sites [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements

et al. 2023

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The concentrations of trace elements in atmospheric bulk depositions (wet plus dry) were investigated from two highly industrialised areas of Sicily (southern Italy) from June 2018 to July 2019, in order to recognise the main natural and anthropogenic sources. A side objective of this study was to improve the common sampling procedures and analytical methods used for monitoring trace elements in atmospheric deposition. The trace element VWM (Volume-Weighted Mean) concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 μg L−1 for trace elements such as Cs, Tl, and U, up to 24 μg L−1 for minor elements (Al, Zn, Sr), in the filtered aliquot, while they reached concentrations up to 144 μg L−1 for the same elements, in the unfiltered aliquot. Therefore, significant differences in concentrations between these two aliquots were found, particularly for Al, Fe, Ti, Zn, Cr, Pb, Se, Cs, and U. This implies that filtering operations may produce a consistent underestimation of concentrations of certain ‘constituents’ of the atmospheric deposition. Natural (marine spray, local and regional geogenic input, volcanic emanations) and anthropogenic sources (industrial emissions, auto vehicular traffic, and diffuse background pollution) which influence rainwater chemistry were identified. Enrichment factors (EFs), with respect to the upper crust composition, provided clear evidence of the different sources above mentioned: Ti, Fe, Al, Cs, Cr, Rb, and Co have low EFs (<1), and are referable to the (local and/or regional) geogenic input, while Se, Sb, Zn, B, Cd, Cu, Mo, Sr, As, with high EFs (>10), highlight the influence of marine and/or industrial sources. The study produced a novel dataset on the atmospheric deposition rate of several trace elements, which had never been studied in the investigated areas. Finally, a comparison of trace element deposition rates in the studied areas with the atmospheric deposition reported for 53 different sites, belonging to 20 different European nations, was made. The comparison showed that some elements, such as Al, V, Zn, and Mo had higher median deposition fluxes in the Sicilian sites than in European monitoring sites.

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“…Pb, Cd, As or Cr are non-essential whereas nickel is an essential plant “ultramicronutrient” [ 2 ]. Heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni), are present in the air [ 1 ] and rain [ 3 ], so they can easily reach the leaf surface. In some countries, the average Cd content in atmospheric dustfall is increasing [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic and Oxidative Changes in the Fern Adiantum raddianum upon Foliar Application of Metals

Kováčik

Husáková

Babula

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Cadmium (Cd) or nickel (Ni) were applied as a foliar spray (1 µM solution over one month) to mimic air pollution and to monitor metabolic responses and oxidative stress in the pteridophyte species. Exogenous metals did not affect the metal content of the soil and had relatively little effect on the essential elements in leaves or rhizomes. The amounts of Cd and Ni were similar in treated leaves (7.2 µg Cd or 5.3 µg Ni/g DW in mature leaves compared with 0.4 µg Cd or 1.2 µg Ni/g DW in the respective control leaves), but Ni was more abundant in rhizomes (56.6 µg Ni or 3.4 µg Cd/g DW), resulting in a higher Cd translocation and bioaccumulation factor. The theoretical calculation revealed that ca. 4% of Cd and 5.5% of Ni from the applied solution per plant/pot was absorbed. Excess Cd induced stronger ROS production followed by changes in SOD and CAT activities, whereas nitric oxide (NO) stimulation was less intense, as detected by confocal microscopy. The hadrocentric vascular bundles in the petioles also showed higher ROS and NO signals under metal excess. This may be a sign of increased ROS formation, and high correlations were observed. Proteins and amino acids were stimulated by Cd or Ni application in individual organs, whereas phenols and flavonols were almost unaffected. The data suggest that even low levels of exogenous metals induce an oxidative imbalance, although no visible damage is observed, and that the responses of ferns to metals are similar to those of seed plants or algae.

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Chemical Composition of Bulk Precipitation and Its Toxicity Potential Index in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part A: Major Ions

Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part A: Major Ions

Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements

Metabolic and Oxidative Changes in the Fern Adiantum raddianum upon Foliar Application of Metals

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