Chemical composition, cholinesterase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the essential oils of some Iranian native Salvia species

Abstract

Background The plants from Salvia genus contain widely distributed species which have been used in folk medicine as well as pharmaceutical and food industries. Methods The chemical composition of 12 native Iranian Salvia species (14 plants) was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Also, the inhibitory activity of all essential oils (EOs) was evaluated toward α-glucosidase and two types of cholinesterase (ChE) using spectrophotometric methods. The in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay was performed by the determination of p-nitrophenol (pNP) obtained from the enzymatic dissociation of p-nitrophenol-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as the substrate. In vitro ChE inhibitory assay was conducted based on the modified Ellman’s procedure using the measurement of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid produced from the hydrolysis of thiocholine derivatives as the substrate, in the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Results Totally, 139 compounds were detected and caryophyllene oxide and trans-β-caryophyllene were the most abundant compounds in all EOs. The yield of EOs extracted from the plants were also calculated in the range of 0.06 to 0.96% w/w. Herein, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 8 EOs was reported for the first time and among all, S. spinosa L. was found to be the most potent inhibitor (90.5 inhibition at 500 μg/mL). Also, the ChE inhibitory activity of 8 species was reported for the first time and our results showed that the BChE inhibitory effect of all EOs was more potent than that of AChE. The ChE inhibition assay indicated that S. mirzayanii Rech.f. & Esfand. collected from Shiraz was the most potent inhibitor (72.68% and 40.6% at the concentration of 500 μg/mL, toward AChE and BChE, respectively). Conclusions It seems that native Salvia species of Iran could be considered in the development of anti-diabetic and anti-Alzheimer's disease supplements.

Salvia mirzayanii and Salvia hypoleuca Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Synergistic Effects of Selected Components

“…The components were selected based on their abundance in the EOs of different Salvia spp. (20). According to the data in Table 3, S. mirzayanii EO could inhibit the enzyme with an IC 50 value of 55.15 ± 1.60 mg/mL, and that of S. hypoleuca showed no activity.…”

Metabolic and Transcriptomic Approaches of Chitosan and Water Stress on Polyphenolic and Terpenoid Components and Gene Expression in Salvia abrotanoides (Karl.) and S. yangii

“…Finally, there was no significant interaction between species× stress× chitosan for TTC and the total flavonoids of the roots (Table 1). 1 Df: degrees of freedom; 2 Species and stress interaction (two-way interaction); 3 Species and chitosan interaction (two-way interaction); 4 Stress and chitosan interaction (two-way interaction); 5 Species and stress and chitosan interaction (three-way interaction); ns: Not significant; *: Significant at p ≤ 0.05; **: Significant at p ≤ 0.01.…”

“…are mostly distributed in Iran, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan [1]. Several applications have been reported for the treatment of common diseases such as leishmaniasis [2], neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease [3], and liver fibrosis [4], as well as for rheumatic pain, headache, atherosclerosis, cough, and as an anti-diabetic [5,6].…”

Amino-7,8-dihydro-4H-chromenone derivatives as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase for Alzheimer’s disease management; in vitro and in silico study

“…From a pharmacological standpoint, the current approach to AD management primarily relies on cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. These drugs elevate ChE levels, enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission and mitigating cognitive decline [ 6 ]. On the other hand, memantine, with its unique mechanism of action as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, aims to modulate excessive NMDA receptor activation, providing an alternative therapeutic strategy [ 7 ].…”