Chemical composition, antioxidant and insecticidal activities of a new essential oil chemotype of Pinus nigra ssp. mauritanica (Pinaceae), Northern Algeria

Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Pinaceae Species

“…Although most often this duration was 30 min (e.g., [ 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]), in various published papers, it varied considerably: 10 min [ 46 ], 20 min [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ], 25 min [ 52 ], 40 min [ 53 ], 50 min [ 42 ], 60 min [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], or 70 min [ 62 ]. Very often, the period after which the spectrophotometric measurements were performed was not mentioned (e.g., [ 63 , 64 , 65 ]). Sometimes, this lack of detail was supplied through a reference.…”

“…A variety of positive controls were used: ascorbic acid [ 47 , 52 , 58 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ], alpha-tocopherol [ 45 , 52 , 64 , 75 , 76 , 77 ], BHA [ 45 , 55 , 74 , 78 , 79 ], BHT [ 42 , 44 , 45 , 54 , 58 , 67 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 81 ], beta-caryophyllene [ 64 ], caryophyllene oxide [ 64 ], quercetin [ 42 ], tannic acid [ 82 ], gallic acid [ 60 , 83 ], thymol [ 84 ], and even Thymus vulgaris essential oil [ 62 ].…”

“…Similar wide variability in performing and reporting results was also found concerning the ABTS method. For instance, results were reported as IC 50 (in μg/mL [ 39 ], mg/mL [ 64 ], or % [ 94 ]), TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) (mEq Trolox/g EO [ 91 ], μmol TE/g DW [ 40 , 48 ]), the percentage of scavenging activity at defined concentrations [ 89 ], and ascorbic acid equivalent/g [ 74 ]. There are also differences in how the method was put into practice.…”

“…The free radical was produced by reacting an aqueous solution of 7 mM ABTS with 140 mM potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ), and the two reagents were incubated for 16 h before use; after diluting to an appropriate absorbance value with ethanol and adding the EO, the resulting mixture was incubated for 5 min before measuring the absorbance [ 39 ]. In addition to the 7 mM concentration [ 40 , 52 , 64 , 70 ], other authors used various concentrations of the ABTS solution as a starting point for producing the free radicals (or added pure ABTS [ 74 ]): 7.4 mM [ 89 , 94 ], 14 mM [ 95 ], and 1.4 mM [ 81 ]. Most often, they mixed the ABTS solution with 2.4/2.45/2.46/2.5 mM potassium persulfate [ 40 , 52 , 64 , 71 , 89 , 94 , 96 , 97 ], but 140 mM [ 48 ] or 4.9 mM [ 81 , 95 ] persulfate solutions were also used.…”

Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Needles of Pinus Sylvestris (Scots Pine) from South West Nigeria

“…Furthermore, these EOs have a low level of toxicity, side effects, and chemical diversity in terms of activity compared to synthetic chemicals [9,[13][14][15], hence making them suitable for use as medicinal ingredients [16][17][18][19]. EOs also have potential to be developed into natural antioxidant in food systems, bio-control of stored product pest and fungi growth inhibitor [20,21]. Despite their therapeutic applications, the usage of some EOs has been reported to cause side effects such as poisoning, dermatological, and neurological toxicity [10].…”