Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil

Abstract

Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora. Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea , an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti- Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition. Materials and methods: The physicochemical parameters of the seed oil obtained via Soxhlet extraction was determined while the fatty acid and non-fatty acid component were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays (10–50 µg/mL) while the anti-inflammatory property was determined through Cell Membrane Stabilization assay. The anti-parasite and cytotoxicity activity were evaluated (0–1000 µg/mL) using Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell line assays, respectively. Results: The oil had fatty acids which ranged from C-12 to C-23 with linoleic (18:2) and palmitic acids (16:0) being dominant. The oil had 89.41% unsaturated fatty acids with sterolic acid, an uncommon acetylenic fatty acid reported for the first time. Non-fatty acids obtained include cholesterol (2.12%), campesterol (14.12%), stigmasterol (34.07%) and β-sitosterol (49.68%). The oil had a significantly ( p < 0.05) low scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC 50 > 50 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid. In contrast, the oil showed better activity against ABTS radicals (IC 50 44.19 ± 6.27 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid or quercetin. Furthermore, the oil showed anti- T. gondii and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HFF cells with selectivity index (IC 50 /EC 50 < 1). Discussion and conclusions: The antioxidant potential of the oil suggests that it may serve as a potential source for various preparations for pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Cannabidiol Content and In Vitro Biological Activities of Commercial Cannabidiol Oils and Hemp Seed Oils

“…After incubation, the supernatant was used as the sample solution. The DPPH assay was performed according to a previously described protocol [ 20 , 21 ]. In a total volume of 200 µL, 180 µL of 100 µM DPPH dissolved in methanol and 20 µL of the samples dissolved in methanol were incubated for 30 min at room temperature.…”

“…The absorbance of the mixture was measured at 517 nm using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices SPECTRA MAX M2). The ABTS radical-scavenging activity was determined according to a previously described assay with some minor modifications [ 21 ]. Briefly, 7 mM ABTS in H 2 O and 2.45 mM potassium persulfate were mixed in a 1:1 ratio.…”

Linoleic acid‐rich guava seed oil: Safety and bioactivity

“…LA‐rich seed oils of Carapa guianensis Aubl., evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis ), Cola gigantean , Arenaria montana L., and Laurus nobilis L. were reported to possess antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antiplasmodium effects (Atolani, Oguntoye, Areh, Adeyemi, & Kambizi, ; Miranda, Dolabela, da Silva, Povoa, & Maia, ; Pereira et al, ; Saab et al, ; Timoszuk, Bielawska, & Skrzydlewska, ). At the present time, the health benefits and safety of LA‐rich GSO have not yet been established.…”

Oxidative Stress as a Possible Target in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Perspectives and Ambiguities

“…In addition, Eucalyptus showed antioxidant action in vivo, which resulted in a better survival rate of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii [ 111 ]. The inhibition of T. gondii growth in vitro was also observed after exposure to Cola gigantea seed oil [ 112 ]. The authors of this research imply that C. gigantea presumably did not induce the generation of ROS, but the restriction of parasite growth is attributed to alternative ways.…”