Chemical Composition and Chemometric Analysis of Variation in Essential Oils of Calendula officinalis L. during Vegetation Stages

Abstract

The variation in the content and composition of Calendula officinalis essential oils was studied using supercritical CO 2 extraction followed by GC-MS. Samples of marigold were harvested at four different vegetation stages. A total of 43 different compounds were identified in the essential oils. The identified components were represented mainly by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene alcohols. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oils of C. officinalis varied during the studied vegetation stages. To determine the significance of changes in the identified compounds, to classify the obtained plant samples into groups and to find the similarity measure between them, several statistical data mining techniques were applied, namely hypothesis testing, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. a-Thujene, a-pinene, c-cadinene and d-cadinene were predominant in all vegetation phases. Development of buds and the end of the flowering stages were distinguished by the highest content of essential oils, while full-flowering stage was distinguished by sesquiterpenols (1,10-di-epi-cubenol, 1-epi-cubenol, s-and a-cadinols, b-selinelol constituted 11.6% of the oils).

In vitro antiviral activity of fifteen plant extracts against avian infectious bronchitis virus

“…In many cases, drying is used as a standardised preparation of raw material of medicinal plants since it reduces water content and the risk of microbiological spoilage of raw material. In the present study, drying was used to collect all the samples of different plants during the intensive blooming vegetation phase for the simultaneous determination of biological activities, in consideration of the fact that different medicinal plants differ in dynamics of the accumulation of biologically active compounds, vegetation, and therefore in the harvesting of raw material [37]. The potentially antiviral plants were selected for extraction depending on the accumulated compounds in herbs, leaves and roots.…”

Structure and cytotoxic activity of sesquiterpene glycoside esters from Calendula officinalis L.: Studies on the conformation of viridiflorol

“…Many classes of chemical compounds occur in C. officinalis extracts, including volatile oils (Kaškoniené et al, 2011), carotenoids (Kishimoto and Ohmiya, 2009), fatty acids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins (Szakiel et al, 2005) and polysaccharides. Reviews published on this topic (Andersen et al, 2010;Muley et al, 2009), do not report the presence of sesquiterpene glycosides and the studies on them have been neglected in comparison to the main components occurring in C. officinalis.…”

Fertility Source and Drought Stress Effects on Plant Growth and Essential Oil Production of Calendula officinalis

“…Volatile compounds were analyzed from the first (primary) and second (secondary) flowers produced, which represent predrought and postdrought flowers, respectively. The concentration of a-pinene, a key essential oil in calendula (Kaskoniene et al, 2011), was greatest in Resina and Alpha varieties, although Alpha did not differ significantly from the other two varieties (P = 0.068) ( Table 3). Drought-stressed flowers had a greater concentration of a-pinene than nonstressed flowers (P < 0.0001), as did secondary flowers on average as compared with primary flowers (P < 0.0001).…”

“…The remaining area units of total volatile production were used to calculate total essential oil production. a-Pinene, reported to be a major constituent of calendula essential oil (Kaskoniene et al, 2011), was selected as a proxy for evaluating essential oil quality, the retention time was identified using standard a-pinene, and it was also quantified. Total essential oil and a-pinene production are reported as ng of 1-octanol per g of flower tissue based on a 1-octanol internal standard.…”