Chemical composition and biological activity of Rubus idaeus shoots – a traditional herbal remedy of Eastern Europe

Abstract

BackgroundThe young shoots of Rubus idaeus are traditionally used as a herbal remedy in common cold, fever and flu-like infections yet there is no research concerning this plant material. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological properties of raspberry shoots from 11 cultivar varieties.MethodsThe methanol extracts were subjected to chromatographic analysis using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, and two-dimensional ‘comprehensive’ LCxLC techniques. The biological activity of the shoot extract from the ‘Willamette’ cultivar variety was evaluated. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assay. Antimicrobial activity was estimated towards 15 strains of human pathogenic bacteria using broth microdilution method. Cytotoxic activity was tested using MTT cell viability assay.ResultsThe dominating compounds identified in the shoots of R. idaeus were ellagic acid (26.1 - 106.8 mg/100 g) and sanguiin H-6 (139.2 - 633.1 mg/100 g). The best separation of compounds present in the analysed polyphenol complex, was achieved by ‘comprehensive’ LCxLC method using Nucleodur Sphinx RP column in the first dimension and Chromolith Performance column in the second dimension. The shoot extract was found to be a strong antioxidant (EC50 19.4 μg/ml, AAE 427.94 mg/g) and displayed the strongest bactericidal properties towards Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The extract revealed higher cytotoxic activity towards the HL-60 cells (IC50 110 μg/ml) than HeLa (IC50 300 μg/ml).ConclusionsThe shoots of R. idaeus stand out as a valuable source of sanguiin H-6 and ellagic acid and possess a number of biological properties including antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic.

In Vitro Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Effects of Extracts from Rubus caesius Leaves and Their Quality Evaluation

“…In another study, similar effect was also supported by its antioxidative action with a relatively low IC 50 value of 5  μ g/mL [19]. Similarly, the shoot extracts of R. idaeus were found to be a source of sanguiin H-6 and ellagic acid, which exhibit antioxidative as well as cytotoxic activity [18]. Lee and coauthors additionally revealed that sanguiin H-6 induces morphological changes in tumour cells which are similar to apoptotic features.…”

Comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography for polyphenol analysis in foodstuffs

“…Analysis speed in the 2 D can be increased in different ways. For polyphenol analysis, monolithic columns were first used in Mondello's group, due to their short regeneration characteristics and high permeability, thus allowing operation at high flow rates without substantial loss in resolution . Another way to speed up the 2 D analysis is to use conventional columns packed with stationary phases of reduced particle size such as partially or superficially porous stationary phases (Mondello, Dugo, Jandera, and Cifuentes’ groups) , or sub‐3 or sub‐2 μm particle packed columns (Hyötyläinen, de Villiers, and Jandera’s groups) ].…”

“…The first LC × LC system was introduced by Erni and Frei for the analysis of a complex plant extract with a SEC column as the 1 D and an RP column as the 2 D, connecting the two columns with a two‐position eight‐port switching valve . Since then, a broad range of papers on LC × LC have been published, covering applications and theoretical considerations; some of them are specifically devoted to polyphenol analysis and roughly 87% come from five different research groups very active in the field . Additionally, some reviews covering both theoretical and practical aspects for such bioactive molecules have been reported .…”

Theory and Practice of UHPLC and UHPLC–MS

“…On the one hand, for NP  RP separation of carotenoids, either silica or cyanopropyl (CN) stationary phases have been investigated (Dugo et al , 2008d(Dugo et al ,e, 2009cCacciola et al, 2012Cacciola et al, , 2016a, whereas for triacylglycerol (TAG) separation, an Ag  RP combination turned out to be useful for this task Dugo et al, 2006b,c;Van der Klift et al, 2008;Hu et al, 2013;Wei et al, , 2015Costa et al, 2015;. On the other hand, for RP  RP separation of phenolic antioxidants, the effect of several stationary phase chemistries (C8, C18, CN, Diol, F 5 , NH 2 , PEG, Phenyl, RPAmide, and other laboratory-made stationary phases) on the separation selectivity and resolution has been investigated (Blahovà et al, 2006;Cacciola et al, 2006Cacciola et al, , 2007aCacciola et al, ,b,c, 2011Hyilompolo, 2007, 2008;Pol et al, 2007, Pol andDugo et al, 2008cDugo et al, , 2009aJandera et al, 2008aJandera et al, ,b, 2012Hájek et al, 2008Cesla et al, 2009;Kalili and de Villiers, 2009, 2013aZhou et al, 2009;Russo et al, 2011;Fu et al, 2012;Hájek and Jandera, 2012;Kalili et al 2013Kalili et al , 2014Montero et al, 2013aMontero et al, ,b, 2014Montero et al, , 2016aKrol-Kogus et al, 2014;Krauze-Baranowska et al, 2014;Leme et al, 2014;Tanaka et al, 2014;…”

“…The most significant development in the practice of LC Â LC in recent years has been the introduction of 2 D small particles stationary phases with the aim to replace the monolithic types that have been used earlier for the same goal (Cacciola et al, , 2007cDugo et al, 2008c;Krauze-Baranowska et al, 2014;. The use of monoliths was dictated by several reasons: in particular these columns allowed the use of high flow rates without loss of resolution because of the better mass transfer properties of a monolithic skeleton over particle-packed columns, thus reducing analysis time.…”