Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Efficiency of Swietenia macrophylla Seed Extract on Clinical Wound Pathogens

Abstract

Microbial wound infection prolonged the hospitalization and increase the cost for wound management. Silver is commonly used as antimicrobial wound dressing. However, it causes several adverse side effects. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of Swietenia macrophylla seed extract on clinical wound pathogens. Besides, the bioactive constituents of the seed extract were also determined. S. macrophylla seeds were extracted with methanol by maceration method. The seed extract inhibited 5 test bacteria and 1 yeast on disc diffusion assay. The antibacterial activity was broad spectrum, as the extract inhibited both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. On kill curve analysis, the antibacterial activity of the seed extract was concentration-dependent, the increase of extract concentration resulted in more reduction of bacterial growth. The extract also caused 99.9% growth reduction of Bacillus subtilis relative to control. A total of 21 compounds were detected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The predominant compounds present in the extract were oleic acid (18.56%) and linoleic acid (17.72%). In conclusion, the methanolic extract of S. macrophylla seeds exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on clinical wound pathogens. Further investigations should be conducted to purify other bioactive compounds from the seeds of S. macrophylla.

The Prospects of Swietenia macrophylla King in Skin Care

“…Next, methanol extract of S. macrophylla seeds inhibited the growth of five different bacteria species and one yeast. These microorganisms were Acinobacter anitratus, S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella boydii, and Candida utilis [19]. Again, E. coli was not reported to be inhibited by this particular extract, which is the opposite to another study that also used methanol as the extracting solvent [19,20].…”

“…These microorganisms were Acinobacter anitratus, S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella boydii, and Candida utilis [19]. Again, E. coli was not reported to be inhibited by this particular extract, which is the opposite to another study that also used methanol as the extracting solvent [19,20]. In an article written by Durai and team [20], both S. aureus, E. coli, and three other fungi (Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., and Helminthosporium sp.)…”

“…The probable answer to this varying inhibitory activity on E. coli could be either the difference in strain or location of seed harvest. Regardless, even though methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) growth was not affected by S. macrophylla methanol extract, its virulence was suspected to decrease as the survival of C. elegans was increased after treating with 200 µg/mL of either methanol, ethyl acetate, or butanol extract [19,21].…”

Methanolic Extract Of Swietenia macrophylla Exhibits Antibacterial And Antibiofilm Efficacy Against Gram-Positive Pathogens

“…The MBC values against S. pneumoniae, B. cereus, and C. sporogenes were found to be greater than 1000 μg/mL while the MBC value against S. aureus jms.mabjournal.comAmran et al, 2023 Malaysian Applied Biology was 1000 μg/mL. A previous study byGopalan et al (2019) showed the lowest MIC value of S. macrophylla seed extract was recorded against B. subtilis (1.56 mg/mL), followed by B. cereus (3.13 mg/mL). In 2009, Tan et alshowed a good inhibitory effect of methanolic extracts of S. macrophylla leaves against B. subtilis and S. aureus with larger inhibition zones as compared to gentamicin.…”

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITIES OF Swietenia macrophylla King ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENS

“…According to Mohammed et al (2014), the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa were inhibited by seeds and leaves extracts of S. macrophylla at 25 and 50 mg/mL respectively. Gopalan et al (2019) demonstrated that the MBC value of Swietenia macrophylla seed extract against Gram-negative bacteria, Shigella boydii, and Acinetobacter anitratus, was 25 mg/mL respectively. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activities of petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of S. macrophylla leaves are due to the presence of terpenoids (Ayyappadhas et al, 2012).…”