Chemical Classification of Explosives

Zapata, Félix; García-Ruiz, Carmen

doi:10.1080/10408347.2020.1760783

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 87 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The magnitude of injuries after crude bomb explosions is relatively lesser than the conventional bombs because of their low-intensity blast. These low-energy explosive injuries are characterized by subsonic, primary blast wave 14 injuries, predominant secondary blast injuries due to ejected projectiles, and quaternary blast injuries due to flash burns. [16][17][18] In our case, the child's proximity to the explosion resulted in primary blast injury in the form of tympanic membrane rupture and traumatic amputation of the right thumb, secondary blast injuries in the form of multiple lacerations over the face and extremities, and tattooing by projectiles on the extremities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, flash powder in firecrackers acts as an explosive component that leads to detonation. 7,13,14 However, the detonation velocity or blast wavefront of firecrackers and crude bombs is usually lower than the speed of sound, that is, subsonic. Hence, they are also known as "lowenergy explosives."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The black powder deflagrates on ignition and results in massive gas production and resultant overpressure. Furthermore, flash powder in firecrackers acts as an explosive component that leads to detonation 7,13,14 . However, the detonation velocity or blast wavefront of firecrackers and crude bombs is usually lower than the speed of sound, that is, subsonic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the detonation velocity or blast wavefront of firecrackers and crude bombs is usually lower than the speed of sound, that is, subsonic. Hence, they are also known as “low-energy explosives.” 14 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ball of Death

Naveen

Sahu

Maharik

et al. 2021

Am J Forensic Med Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Crude bombs are country-made explosive weapons, usually prepared from locally available materials such as firecrackers or explosives used in mines. These are generally concealed inside the fruits, such as jackfruit, pineapple, and watermelon, to kill wild boars or other animals by poachers in India. Occasionally, crude bombs are remodeled resembling fruit or a ball and placed on the fields, where animals usually raid their crops. Such crude bombs may result in accidental explosions and contribute to the death of unintended targets, including humans. Despite these sporadic incidents reported in media, scientific data are lacking. Here, we report a young child who sustained injuries after an accidental explosion of such a crude bomb. It exploded when the child apparently mistook it for a ball and grasped it firmly while playing with his brother. This case is the first to report the accidental death of a child after the crude bomb's fatal explosion to the best of our knowledge. This report also briefly overviews the emerging menace of crude bombs in India.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ball of Death

Naveen

Sahu

Maharik

et al. 2021

Am J Forensic Med Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Explosive Contamination in Soil: Sources, Environmental Concerns, and Phytoremediation

Heisnam,

Shankar,

Chandra

et al. 2023

Xenobiotics in Urban Ecosystems

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bioremediation of RDX and HMX contaminated soil employing a biochar-based bioformulation

Sharma,

Sangwan

2023

Carbon Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Compounds like Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) are categorised as a secondary explosive. These secondary explosives are widely employed for defence and civil purposes worldwide. The release of explosive compounds in the environment during their production, storage and usage results in severe soil and water contamination. Pollution caused by explosives is a major concern as it is recalcitrant in nature and has toxic effects on human beings, animals and plants. There is a need to find an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to deal with explosive contaminated soil. In the present study, bioformulation was prepared with explosive degrading bacteria to treat explosive contaminated soil. Bioformulation consisted of coconut husk-derived biochar as a carrier material and Arthrobacter subterraneus as an active ingredient. The survivability of bacteria and performance of bioformulation with different concentrations of explosive compounds were analysed. Results showed that Arthrobacter subterraneus could immobilise with biochar and can survive up to 6 months. The prepared bioformulation was able to degrade up to 85.98% RDX and 80.4% HMX in contaminated soil in a time duration of 30 days. A significant increase in nitrite concentration, a major byproduct of RDX and HMX biodegradation, was found in soil treated with bioformulation. Thus, bioformulation can be applied to remediate explosive-contaminated sites as an eco-friendly technique. Graphical Abstract

show abstract

Chemical Classification of Explosives

Cited by 14 publications

References 87 publications

Ball of Death

Ball of Death

Explosive Contamination in Soil: Sources, Environmental Concerns, and Phytoremediation

Bioremediation of RDX and HMX contaminated soil employing a biochar-based bioformulation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About