Chemical Class Composition of Commercial Jet Fuels and Other Specialty Kerosene Fuels

Shafer, Linda; Striebich, Richard C.; Gomach, Jeff; Edwards, Tim

doi:10.2514/6.2006-7972

Cited by 71 publications

(73 citation statements)

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“…21 Each fuel is initially analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbon content by ASTM method D6379 in which normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refractive index detection is used. The aromatics are eluted from a cyano column (4.6 x 150 mm) with hexanes as the mobile phase; standards containing mono-and di-aromatics are used to calibrate the HPLC (Agilent Model #1100).…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Type Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Air Force Research Laboratory SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY ACRONYM(S)Propulsion SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-RZ-WP-TR-2008-2034 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPAO Case Number and clearance date: 88ABW2008-1311, 17 Dec 2008. ABSTRACTThe studies and analysis performed in this report were made to improve the understanding of blending an Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) produced from natural gas via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with several petroleum-derived fuels on the resulting chemical, physical and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) properties. The IPK had a similar distillation range to a typical jet fuel and high iso-/normal alkane ratio. Blending showed a linear dependence in the specification and non-specification properties with blend ratio. Determination and understanding of this dependence allows for the prediction of anticipated fuel properties during blending and for statistical analysis using historical fuel property distribution data to be performed to investigate expected fuel properties and variability as a function of blend ratio. SUBJECT TERMS Executive SummaryThere has been increasing interest in recent years in the development and use of aviation fuels derived from non-petroleum feedstocks. The motivation for use of domestically-produced alternative fuels is driven by many factors, including homeland defense, military preparedness and economic security. Development of processes and infrastructure to produce liquid fuels from domestic sources, such as coal or biological feedstocks, could significantly assist in achieving this goal. One approach that can be implemented is the use of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis to produce liquid fuels via indirect liquefaction. The primary products from low temperature FT synthesis are typically long-chain n-alkanes, which can be converted to branched alkanes and separated into the desired distillation range. This product is typically referred to as Iso-Paraff...

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Section: Hydrocarbon Type Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

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“…Conventional aviation jet fuels are a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, typically comprised of normal (n)-paraffins, iso-paraffins, cyclo-paraffins, and aromatics [16]. N-and isoparaffins typically dominate the class composition of all-fit-for-purpose, petroleum derived fuels [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios

et al. 2015

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The aviation industry is increasingly focused on the development of sustainable alternative fuels to augment and diversify fuel supplies while simultaneously reducing its environmental impact. The impact of airport operations on local air quality and aviation related greenhouse * Corresponding author, e-mail address: plobo@mst.edu 2 gas emissions on a life cycle basis have been shown to be reduced with the use of alternative fuels. However, the evaluation of incremental variations in fuel composition of a single alternative fuel on the production of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions has not been explored. This is critical to understanding the emissions profile for aircraft engines burning alternative fuels and their impact on air quality and climate change. A systematic evaluation of nvPM emissions from a GTCP85 aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) burning a 16 different blends of Used Cooking Oil (UCO) derived Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) type alternative fuel with a conventional Jet A-1 baseline fuel was performed.The nvPM number-and mass-based emission indices for the 16 fuel blends and neat 100% UCO-HEFA were compared against those for the baseline Jet A-1 at the three APU operating conditions. Fuel composition was found to influence nvPM production. The reductions in nvPM were found to be greater with increasing fuel hydrogen content (higher proportion of UCO-HEFA in the fuel blend). For a 50:50 blend of UCO-HEFA and Jet A-1, which would meet current ASTM specifications, the average reduction in nvPM number-based emissions was ~35%, while that for mass-based emissions was ~60%. The nvPM size distributions were found to narrow and shift to smaller sizes as the UCO-HEFA component of the fuel blend increased. This shift has a greater impact on the reduction in nvPM mass compared to the overall decrease in nvPM number, when comparing the blends to the baseline Jet A-1.

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“…Petroleum-derived fuels consist of a blend of hundreds of hydrocarbons, which can be separated into paraffins, cycloparaffins and aromatics [21]. In this study, five hydrocarbons were selected and evaluated.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is a big challenge to find an endothermic fuel that can improve heat sink capability with limited coking to deal with the high heat flux and surface temperature in the supersonic combustion chamber. Many investigations of endothermic fuel have been conducted since 1990, including studies on heat sink measurement [5,6], heat transfer and coking behavior [7,8], the factors that influence pyrolysis and coking [4,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15], fluid flow instability and heat transfer [16], the hydraulic effect and thermal effect caused by coking [17] and the thermal physical properties of fuels [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of heat sink capability and deposition propensity of supercritical endothermic fuels in a minichannel

Liu

Feng

2015

Fuel

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Chemical Class Composition of Commercial Jet Fuels and Other Specialty Kerosene Fuels

Cited by 71 publications

References 1 publication

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios

Evaluation of heat sink capability and deposition propensity of supercritical endothermic fuels in a minichannel

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