Chemical characterization of smokeless tobacco products from South Asia: Nicotine, unprotonated nicotine, tobacco-specific N′-Nitrosamines, and flavor compounds

Stanfill, Stephen B.; Croucher, Ray; Gupta, Prakash C.; Lisko, Joseph G.; Lawler, Tameka S.; Kuklenyik, Peter; Dahiya, Manu; Duncan, Bryce W.; Kimbrell, J. Brett; Peuchen, Elizabeth H.; Watson, Clifford H.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.004

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The levels of nicotine in Bangladeshi SLT products are comparable to that observed elsewhere [41,47]. The current study found that the average level of nicotine in Bangladeshi SLT products is 29 mg/g SLT powder, with the highest observed in the Nurani zarda brand at 74 mg/g SLT powder, which is the highest among all tobacco products ever reported globally [13,41,42,[45][46][47][48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Our study shows that the levels of TSNAs in these products can vary widely, with extraordinarily high levels observed in two different brands of zarda (Chadpuri shah and Hakimpure, with 114 and 105 μg TSNA/g SLT, respectively), which are among the most popular forms of SLT in Bangladesh [31]. These levels are higher than that reported for any tobacco product grown outside Africa, and are approximately 4-5-fold lower than the mean total TSNA content observed in Sudanese toombak, which was shown to contain the highest levels of TSNA ever reported for a tobacco product [13,[41][42][43][44][45][46]. NNN and NNK levels were higher in most Bangladeshi SLT brands, as compared to SLT brands examined from India, Pakistan and the USA (18 out of 22 brands were higher for NNN, and 16 out of 22 brands were higher for NNK).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Nicotine conversion and nitrate content have been suggested to be important factors that contribute to the accumulation of TSNAs in tobacco products [37]. One possible reason for higher TSNA content in Bangladeshi SLT products is that Bangladeshi SLTs are mainly from N. rustica, a high nicotine-containing tobacco plant species [41,47]. The high variability observed in TSNA levels for Bangladeshi SLT products may also be due to differences in the manufacturing process of these SLT products, resulting in greater product variability [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comparison of tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels in smokeless tobacco products: High levels in products from Bangladesh

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Head and neck cancers are among the most common cancers in Southeast Asia and are likely to face sharp increases in the coming years due to the widespread use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products. Bangladesh has the second highest oral cancer mortality rate as well as the second highest rate of SLT product usage worldwide. SLT products contain high levels of the highly carcinogenic tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNAs); they include N‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK), N‐nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N‐nitrosoanabasine (NAB). To date, the amount of TSNAs present in Bangladeshi SLT products has not been reported. The goal of the present study was to develop an efficient TSNA and nicotine extraction method to quantify the levels of TSNAs and nicotine present in 31 Bangladeshi SLT products. The concentration of NNN, NNK, NAT, and NAB in Bangladeshi SLT brands ranged from 1.07–59.18 μg/g SLT, 0.15–33.70 μg/g SLT, 0.79–44.64 μg/g SLT, and 0.03–12.85 μg/g SLT, respectively. Pan Masala, which is labeled as a non‐tobacco product, also contains low levels of TSNAs. Betel nut, a common flavor additive in SLT products in Bangladesh, contained no detectible TSNA levels. Bangladeshi SLT products contained significantly higher (p<0.05) levels of TSNAs as compared to SLT brands from the United States (U.S.), and were higher on average than the levels observed in brands in other regions of southern Asia. NNN and NNK levels were 16 and 19, 2 and 3.5, and 62 and 85 fold higher than U.S., Indian and Pakistani SLT brands, respectively. Additionally, the levels of NNN and NNK measured in U.S. brands in this study were 1.2‐fold higher than previously reported values from 2013. This study demonstrates that the levels of TSNAs, including the major tobacco carcinogens NNN and NNK, are far higher in Bangladeshi SLT brands than they are in other regions of the world. Exposure to such high levels of carcinogens may be the most important contributing factor to the rate of head and neck as well as other tobacco‐related cancers observed in Bangladesh. Support or Funding Information This work is supported in part by grants from NIH, National Cancer Institute (grant R01‐ES025460, to P. Lazarus) and the Health Sciences and Services Authority of Spokane, Washington (grant WSU002292, to College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University) This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparison of tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels in smokeless tobacco products: High levels in products from Bangladesh

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ATPs are attractive because some studies have proposed that ATPs may play a role in reducing cigarette‐smoking rates (Collins et al, ). However, the use of ATPs, which contain various addictive, toxic, and carcinogenic chemical compounds, has been associated with an increased risk of oral/esophageal cancer, cardiovascular problems, and miscarriage (Stanfill et al, ). Newly introduced ATPs can permeate throughout a nonsmoker's environment (Collins et al, ), leading to ATPs playing a role as a gateway for cigarette smoking among adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting cigarette smoking among adolescents in South Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand

Joung

Chung

2019

Specialist Pediatric Nursing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose The current study was designed to describe risk and preventive factors related to cigarette smoking among adolescents in South Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand. Design and Methods A cross‐sectional descriptive design was used. Student data were extracted from three national data sets, specifically the Global Youth Tobacco Survey from each country. Complex sampling multinomial logistic regression was performed to find factors related to current smoking. Results The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 4.7% in South Korean students, 2.8% in Vietnamese students, and 10.9% in Thai students. Students shared three risk factors related to current smoking: male sex, use of other tobacco products, and susceptibility to smoking. Additionally, only one preventive factor of cigarette smoking was found among South Korean adolescents: exposure to antitobacco advertisements. The findings suggest that personal, familial, social, and public area characteristics are associated with smoking among adolescents from these nations. Practice Implications These results could be useful for screening students vulnerable to cigarette smoking and the collaborative planning of interventions to prevent adolescents from smoking in these three Asian countries.

show abstract

“…erefore, previous studies mainly aimed to detect the concentrations of nicotine, TSNA, and PAHs in various ST samples [31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS Analysis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Shammah (Smokeless Tobacco) Samples of Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia as Promoter of Cancer Cell Proliferation

Khalid

Alhazmi

Abdalla

et al. 2019

Journal of Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Shammah is a locally manufactured form of smokeless tobacco (ST) which is traditionally used in Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen. Presence of a high concentration of nicotine, in addition to various other toxic and carcinogenic constituents, makes it a serious human health threat. It is an admixture containing powdered tobacco, along with several additives, such as lime, ash, black pepper, volatile oils, and flavoring agents. This study was conducted to investigate the constituents of eight different samples of widely used shammah varieties in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using GC-MS and to evaluate their cytotoxic effect against three cancer cell lines representing most of the top malignancies in the region including MCF-7, A2780, and HT29 cancer cells, in addition to MRC5 cells (normal human fetal lung fibroblast) using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of nicotine or 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine (2.1–91.9% of total constituents detected) in all ST samples, whereas its derivative (1s,2s)-nicotine-N-oxide (0.23–1.62%) was detected in four samples. In addition, several known carcinogenic constituents were also identified, and their carcinogenicity was confirmed by MTT results, in which, all the eight samples promoted the growth of MCF7, A2780, and HT29 cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of samples against the normal cells MRC5 was proportional to the number of components detected by GC-MS. The ingestion of these constituents through saliva of shammah consumers could be the reason for many cancers including breast, ovary, and colon cancers. These results support the urgent local and international call to educate the users regarding the deleterious effects of shammah to avoid its use.

show abstract

Chemical characterization of smokeless tobacco products from South Asia: Nicotine, unprotonated nicotine, tobacco-specific N′-Nitrosamines, and flavor compounds

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Comparison of tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels in smokeless tobacco products: High levels in products from Bangladesh

Comparison of tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels in smokeless tobacco products: High levels in products from Bangladesh

Factors affecting cigarette smoking among adolescents in South Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand

GC-MS Analysis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Shammah (Smokeless Tobacco) Samples of Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia as Promoter of Cancer Cell Proliferation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About