Chemical characterization of lycium barbarum polysaccharides and its inhibition against liver oxidative injury of high-fat mice

The antihyperlipidemic activities of enzymatic and acidic intracellular polysaccharides by Termitomyces albuminosus

“…Documented literatures had shown that the high-fat diet could destroy the intrinsic antioxidant defense by accelerating the formation of radicals (Wu, He, Hong, Ma, Xu, & Li, 2010;Zhu, Liu, Yu, Zou, Wang, Yao, & Gao, 2013). Liu, Luo, Ye, Sun, Lu, & Zeng (2010) had reported that the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px and CAT) could defense against ROS formation under the oxidative stress.…”

Excessive Milk Intake as a Risk Factor, Probably Associated with Oxidative Stress, in Experimental Naphthalene-Initiated Cataract in Rats

“…It has been reported that high plasma galactose concentrations can cause cataracts, and that the associated pathogenesis was partly due to oxidative damage [3] . It has also been reported that high fat consumption could cause oxidative stress in an animal's body and that exclusive protein consumption might be harmful [9,10] . Thus, we postulated that the metabolism of milk, a food containing high amounts of galactose, butterfat and protein, could produce excessive amounts of ROS.…”

“…MDA concentration was estimated using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance test as described previously [9] , and the absorbance of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was read at 532 nm using a UV 722 spectrophotometer (Shanghai Precision & Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd., China). GSH concentration was determined by reactive production of 5,5 -dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and mercaptan (R-SH) [9] , and the absorbance of R-SH was read at 412 nm.…”

“…During this period, we used a slit lamp microscope to observe and photograph the lenses, and assessed the value of lens opacity using lens gray value analysis software, which has proven useful and valid for cataract assessment [7,8] . The cataractogenic effect of galactose is known to be associated with oxidative damage, and it has also been reported that high-fat diets can cause oxidative stress in animals [9] and that excessive intake of protein is harmful in critically ill adults [10] although there is no conclusive evidence that high-protein diets are associated with oxidative stress. As milk contains a high concentration of galactose, fat and protein, we hypothesized that excessive intake of milk may elevate the oxidative stress level of animals, especially when they are already under oxidative conditions.…”

Drug delivery for bioactive polysaccharides to improve their drug-like properties and curative efficacy

“…4)-linked dextran backbone with a (1 ! 6)-linked branch every 10 residues; MW, 20.7 kDa (Niu et al, 2011) Liposome (in vitro; SC): improved immunoregulatory activities and adjuvanticity (Fan et al, 2011(Fan et al, , 2013a) ISFS (poloxamer-based): week-long sustained release; improved administration compliance (Yu et al, 2017) Lycium barbarum PSs A neutral heteroglycan composed of glucose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, and mannose (49.8:31.3:9.3:7.5:6.4, molar ratio); MW, 24-241 kDa (Amagase et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2010) Liposome (in vitro; SC): improved immunoregulatory activities and adjuvanticity (Bo et al, 2015 Rehmannia glutinosa PS An acidic PS composed of L-arabinose, D-galactose, Lrhamnose, and D-galacturonic acid (10:10:1:1 or 14:7:3:8, molar ratio); MW, 35.7 kDa (Tomoda et al, 1994;Tan et al, 2012) Liposome (in vitro; SC): improved immunoregulatory activities and adjuvanticity (Huang et al, 2014 Epimedium PS An acidic PS composed of xylose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid (6.4:2.3:1.8:6.9:82.6, weight ratio); MW, 1.46 kDa (Li, 2005) Liposome (in vitro): improved immunoregulatory activities; synergistic effects with propolis flavone (Fan et al, 2013b(Fan et al, , 2015b Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (Li et al, 2013) A marine sulfated PS composed of b-D-mannuronic acid and a-L-guluronic acid; MW, 11 kDa (PDI, 1.6) IV: t 1/2 , 3.11 h; MRT, 2.59 h. Oral BA: 9.54% (rats)…”