Chemical characterization of Indian coal and coal residues by PIGE and PIXE spectroscopies using proton beams from tandem particle accelerators

The standardization and application of an external (in air) particle induced gamma emission (PIGE) method for the rapid and non-destructive quantification of light elements at major to trace concentrations in coal, bottom ash and coke samples

“…The initial activity equation for the PIGE method is given below:where N is the number of atoms of the element (concentration) per cm, 3 I is the proton beam current, σ ( E ) is the cross-section of the isotope of the element of interest at energy E , and S ( E ) is the stopping power of the target.…”

“…Coal fly ash is usually collected with an electrostatic precipitator. 3 Coke is a special kind of fuel obtained from the calcination or dry distillation of coal, and it is mainly obtained in highly pure form, having a high carbon content with a high calorific value. Usually, the quantification of the major and minor elements present in coal and coke is necessary to understand the environmental impact, and the ash content and bottom ash content are key for recognizing high-quality coal or coke.…”

Evaluation and Comparison between a Conventional Acid Digestion Method and a Microwave Digestion System for Heavy Metals Determination in Mentha Samples by ICP-MS.

“…Several instrument techniques have been used to assess the level of heavy metals after sample preparation amongst these were ICP-MS with time of flight, laser ablation and other interfaces [27][28][29][30]. Also other techniques have been applied such as GF-AAS [31,32], ICP-AES [33], PIXE [34], CV-AFS [35].…”