Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño

Stockwell, Chelsea E.; Gilbert, Ashley A.; Daugherty, Kaitlyn; Cochrane, Mark A.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Putra, Erianto Indra; Saharjo, Bambang Hero; Nurhayati, Ati Dwi; Albar, Israr; Yokelson, Robert J.; Stone, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.5194/acp-2017-608

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…The difference in the concentrations of these two categories of particulate matter could range from 6 to 35%, as estimated by comparing the PM 2.5 and PM 10 data observed in Singapore during a wildfire event (Figure S6). The observed PM and CO ratios at Pekanbaru in 2013 and 2014 were comparable to those observed as a result of peat/peatland fires in Kalimantan in 2015 (Jayarathne et al, ; Stockwell et al, ; Wooster et al, ) as well as the data obtained in Selangor in Malaysia (Roulston et al, ). The range of PM and CO ratios also overlaps with an experimental study of Malaysian peat fires (Othman & Latif, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The magnitudes of uncertainties were estimated using standard deviation (1 σ ). References: (1) This study, (2) Stockwell et al (), (3) Jayarathne et al (), (4) Wooster et al (), (5) Roulston et al (), (6) Othman and Latif (), and (7) van der Werf et al ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Othman and Latif () experimentally investigated the enhancement ratios of PM 10 and CO (PM 10 /CO) by combusting Malaysian peat, finding that the value is highly variable (135 ± 51 μg mg −1 ). The emission factor of PM 2.5 reported by recent field studies at Central Kalimantan during a wildfire event in 2015 ranged from 17.3 ± 6.0 (g kg −1 ) to 34.4 ± 6.0 (g kg −1 ) (Jayarathne et al, ; Stockwell et al, ; Wooster et al, ). Roulston et al () reported that the emission ratio (PM 2.5 /CO) ranges from 0.30 (g kg −1 ) to 0.4 (g kg −1 ), depending on the age of combustion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to greenhouse gases, the peatland burning also emits particulate matter as well as its precursors (Black et al, ; Engling et al, ; Fujii et al, ; Gaveau et al, ; Huijnen et al, ; Iinuma et al, ; Jayarathne et al, ; Parker et al, ; Roulston et al, ; Whitburn et al, ; Wooster et al, ). Although the atmospheric lifetime of particulate matter is much shorter than that for greenhouse gases, these particles influence the Earth's system as well as the environment at least in a short time scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraining the Emission of Particulate Matter From Indonesian Peatland Burning Using Continuous Observation Data

et al. 2018

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Tropical peatland, which dominantly distributes in Indonesia and Malaysia, has experienced recurring fires in the last few decades. Constraining the enhancement ratios and emission factors of gas and particulate matter emitted by the wildfires is necessary to evaluate their environmental and climatic impacts. We analyzed continuous observation data at Pekanbaru in Indonesia and Muar in Malaysia to investigate the emissions of gas and particulate matter. The enhancement ratios of particulate matter to carbon monoxide (PM10/CO) of wildfires in Riau province in June 2013 and February–March 2014 were analyzed. The PM10/CO ratios of peatland burning plumes ranged from 77 to 97 μg mg−1 for the event in June 2013, whereas the corresponding value was 127 μg mg−1 in February–March 2014. These enhancement ratios were translated to the emission factors of particulate matter using previous data on the emission factors of CO, assuming that secondary formation was ignorable. The estimated emission factors for PM10 were 13 ± 2 g kg−1 (2013) and 19 ± 2 g kg−1 (2014). These values are comparable to those reported by recent field observations in Indonesia and Malaysia (17.3 ± 6.0 to 34.4 ± 18.8 g kg−1). The estimated emission factors from both the present study and recent field work are consistently higher than that used in the current emission inventory, which suggests that it should be updated. A caveat for this analysis is possible influence of secondary formation, which will still be needed to be investigated in future studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraining the Emission of Particulate Matter From Indonesian Peatland Burning Using Continuous Observation Data

et al. 2018

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“…A large amount of reactive N (RN; ammonium, NH 4 + ; nitrate, NO 3 − ; and organic N, ON) is emitted to atmosphere during forest fires (Bauters et al, ; Ponettegonzález et al, ; Xiao et al, ). Emitted gaseous and aerosol RN, as well as other chemical components, are eventually delivered to downwind ecosystems via atmospheric deposition (Bauters et al, ; Jayarathne et al, ). Typically, these components blow over the ocean, where they add nutrients, such as N, P, and Fe to the water column, increasing primary production, especially where nutrients are limited (Abram et al, ; Sundarambal, Tkalich, et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Primary Production in the Oligotrophic South China Sea Related to Southeast Asian Forest Fires

et al. 2020

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Atmospheric reactive nitrogen deposition is an important process in the nitrogen cycle of natural ecosystems, especially in oligotrophic oceans. Increased land‐based atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the ocean changes the stoichiometric balance of marine ecosystems; this causes changes in ecosystem functions and biogeochemical cycles. Current studies have shown that atmospheric reactive nitrogen is mainly derived from land‐based human activities, such as the use of fertilizers, combustion of fossil fuels, and forest fires. Forest fires can provide a vast amount of reactive nitrogen and other nutrients over short time scales and may greatly influence marine ecosystems. Here, we document a large change in nitrogen concentration and primary productivity in upper levels of the South China Sea (SCS), coincident with Indonesian forest fires between August and September of 2012. Using back trajectories, fire spot maps, geographical distributions of the smoke, vertical distributions of the depolarization ratio, and nitrogen isotope values of nitrate in rainwater, we found that the change in nitrogen could be attributed to the forest fires. Our results show that the SCS received about 180 Gg of N as wet deposition during the sampling period. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition caused high primary productivity (40.679 ± 15.852 mg C·m−2·hr−1) in the upper levels of the SCS, which tripled values recorded in other years. This suggests that high nitrogen levels as well as other nutrients derived from tropical Asian forest fires are of great importance to the marine ecosystem of the SCS and also likely affect global marine biogeochemical cycles.

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In Situ Tropical Peatland Fire Emission Factors and Their Variability, as Determined by Field Measurements in Peninsula Malaysia

Smith

Evers

Yule

et al. 2018

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Fires in tropical peatlands account for >25% of estimated total greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation. Despite significant global and regional impacts, our understanding of specific gaseous fire emission factors (EFs) from tropical peat burning is limited to a handful of studies. Furthermore, there is substantial variability in EFs between sampled fires and/or studies. For example, methane EFs vary by 91% between studies. Here we present new fire EFs for the tropical peatland ecosystem; the first EFs measured for Malaysian peatlands, and only the second comprehensive study of EFs in this crucial environment. During August 2015 (under El Niño conditions) and July 2016, we embarked on field campaigns to measure gaseous emissions at multiple peatland fires burning on deforested land in Southeast Pahang (2015) and oil palm plantations in North Selangor (2016), Peninsula Malaysia. Gaseous emissions were measured using open‐path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra were used to retrieve mole fractions of 12 different gases present within the smoke (including carbon dioxide and methane), and these measurements used to calculate EFs. Peat samples were taken at each burn site for physicochemical analysis and to explore possible relationships between specific physicochemical properties and fire EFs. Here we present the first evidence to indicate that substrate bulk density affects methane fire EFs reported here. This novel explanation of interplume, within‐biome variability, should be considered by those undertaking greenhouse gas accounting and haze forecasting in this region and is of importance to peatland management, particularly with respect to artificial compaction.

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Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Constraining the Emission of Particulate Matter From Indonesian Peatland Burning Using Continuous Observation Data

Constraining the Emission of Particulate Matter From Indonesian Peatland Burning Using Continuous Observation Data

Enhanced Primary Production in the Oligotrophic South China Sea Related to Southeast Asian Forest Fires

In Situ Tropical Peatland Fire Emission Factors and Their Variability, as Determined by Field Measurements in Peninsula Malaysia

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