Chemical Characterization of Clove, Basil and Peppermint Essential Oils; Evaluating Their Toxicity on the Development Stages of Two-Spotted Spider Mites Grown on Cucumber Leaves

Abstract

The two spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a cosmopolitan mite. It rapidly reproduces and can develop resistance to chemical pesticides. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity and acaricidal activity of three essential oils from basil, clove, and peppermint against T. urticae reproduction, which is grown on three cucumber cultivars, Chief (SC 4145), Raian (CB898), and Toshka (SC 349), under laboratory conditions at 27 + 3 °C and 70 + 5% RH. GC-MS characterized the volatile oils of basil, clove, and peppermint. Methyl cinnamate, eugenol, and menthol were the main essential oils in basil, clove, and peppermint, respectively. The results indicated significant differences in the duration of development between T. urticae feeding on the three cucumber cultivars (p ≤ 0.05), including eggs, protonymph, and deutonymph time. The Toshka (SC 349) cultivar recorded the lowest developmental time. The longevity period exhibited the same trend with non-significant differences between Raian (CB898) and Toshka (SC 349). Moreover, the lethal concentration (LC50) and LC90 values in tested essential oils (EOs) showed that clove EOs were the most toxic. In contrast, basil and peppermint EOs were the least effective, and immature stages were more sensitive to EOs than adult stages. The infected Toshka (SC 349) discs treated with essential oils and abamectin under in vitro conditions indicated that clove oil is comparable to abamectin regarding its effect on the egg numbers (18.7 and 17.6 egg), immature development time, longevity, life span, and life cycle (20.6 and 20.8 days) of T. urticae. We conclude that the resistant cultivation of cucumber plants can be recommended in integrated pest management programs. The most effective of the tested oils, clove EOs, should be used as alternatives to pesticides to control T. urticae in the protected cultivation of cucumbers.

Bioactivity of essential oils in nanoemulsions formulation against Varroa Mite and their selectivity for Apis mellifera under laboratory and colony conditions

“…Garlic oil, chamomile, jojoba, and camphor essential oil nanoemulsion were effective against adult V. destractor. These results have been previously reported for terpinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, 1,8-cineoletimene, p-cymene, and αterpinene (Ebert et al, 2007;Anton and Vandamme, 2011;Chiesa et al, 2016;Bahreini et al, 2020) , á-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneol, carvacrol, p-cymene and â-pinene (Mossa, 2016;Calatayud-Vernich et al, 2017;Bahreini et al, 2020;Campolo et al, 2020;Lucia et al, 2020;Awad et al, 2022;Giunti et al, 2022) It affected the development of many insects and mites.…”

Plant Essential Oils: Dual Action of Toxicity and Egg-Laying Inhibition on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), Unveiling Their Potential as Botanical Pesticides

“…Choi et al [ 20 ] demonstrated that sage and lemongrass EOs exhibited high fumigant activity against T. urticae using the filter paper diffusion method. Lim et al also found that lemongrass EO treatment through fumigation resulted in an average mortality rate of approximately 85.8% [ 21 ]. An et al determined that lemongrass, sage, and eucalyptus EOs exhibit a higher level of toxicity against T. urticae [ 22 ].…”

“…Awad et al compared the effects of clove, basil, and peppermint EOs on T. urticae and found that clove EO exhibited oviposition inhibition activity comparable to that of avermectin. On the other hand, the oviposition inhibition efficacy of basil and peppermint EOs was poorer [ 21 ]. This is consistent with the findings of our study, indicating that clove and oregano EOs can effectively inhibit the reproduction of mites, thereby reducing the population of the subsequent generation.…”

Toxicity evaluation of essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

“…Eugenol (27.1%) and caryophyllene (24.5%) present in clove oil were the most toxic compounds against insect pests (Plata-Rueda et al 2018). In recent years, many scientists reported the amount of major compound of essential oils which were responsible for mortality, repellency and feeding deterrents in varying proportions (Charfi et al 2021, Awad et al 2022, Czarnobai et al, 2022. Varying degree of mortality and repellency reported by various scientists might be primarily due to the varying proportion of active compounds present in the essential oil of clove.…”