Chemical characterization of archaeological wood: Softwood Vasa and hardwood Riksapplet case studies

Zoia, Luca; Salanti, Anika; Orlandi, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.015

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Although 13 C-CPMAS is generally carried out on untreated samples, Zoia et al [119] demonstrate that first removing non-structural components by solvent extraction results in simplified spectra that are representative of only the structural polymers. Several studies also first chemically separate the lignin from the cellulose, resulting in a higher resolution assessment of the lignin alone [114].…”

Section: Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ICP-AES was used alongside py-GC analysis in the study of alum-treated artefacts from the Osberg shipwreck, allowing researchers to associate regions of lignin decay with the presence of aluminium and potassium from the treatment [10]. Zoia et al [119] demonstrate how the sensitivity of the technique can be further improved by first extracting the inorganic components by combustion at 600 °C (ashing).…”

Section: Icp-aesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of analytical methods for assessing preservation in waterlogged archaeological wood and their application in practice

High

Penkman

2020

Herit Sci

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Waterlogged archaeological wood can present management challenges due to its vulnerability to chemical and biological decay, both during burial and post-excavation. Decay processes also often leave it severely weakened and therefore susceptible to mechanical damage. Quantifying preservation and understanding active decay mechanisms is therefore critical in informing the management of this unique cultural resource. It is critical that assessments of preservation are robust, and sensitive enough to allow changes over time to be detected. A wide range of analytical methods can be applied to assess the state of preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood, and determining which of these is most appropriate to the circumstances can be challenging. This review summarises some of the most commonly reported methods suitable for the analysis of waterlogged archaeological wood, ranging from widely used 'low-tech' methods, to assessment using advanced analytical instrumentation. Methods are evaluated in terms of the information gained weighed up against their cost, logistical considerations, and time investments, with the aim of supporting the development of an analytical strategy. We conclude that although an analytical strategy must be informed by the aims of assessment as well as any external restrictions, the best available analytical techniques should be employed in order to supply an accurate baseline against which future change can be measured. Critically, a multi-analytical approach is vital in obtaining a clear picture of the present state of decay, as no single technique gives the best assessment.

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Section: Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Icp-aesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of analytical methods for assessing preservation in waterlogged archaeological wood and their application in practice

High

Penkman

2020

Herit Sci

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“…for waterlogged woods, could be rationalised in different temporal phases: i) LCCs degradation with partial loss of hemicellulose, ii) unshielded cellulose degradation with relative enrichment in lignin [9]. The high solubility achieved after wood acetylation enables the analysis of derivatized wood by means of 2D NMR techniques after dissolution in DMSO-d 6 [12].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that waterlogged woods are artefacts that represent a conservation challenge still far to be solved, due to the complex degradation pathways they undergo [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A picture as much complete as possible of the chemical composition and degradation of the lignocellulosic materials is the first step in the process of finding innovative and efficient conservation strategies [9][10][11][12]. Given the peculiarity of canal lock gates artefacts, existing scientific literature does not report any systematic approach or analytical study on historical canal gates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated biological and chemical characterisation of a pair of leonardesque canal lock gates

et al. 2021

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The Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia “Leonardo da Vinci” in Milan is exposing two pairs of canal lock gates, used to control the water flow in Milan canal system, whose design appears in the Leonardo’s Codex Atlanticus. The wood present in the gates has been deeply characterised by mean of a multidisciplinary investigation involving i) DNA barcoding of wood fragments; ii) microbial community characterisation, and iii) chemical analyses. DNA barcoding revealed that two fragments of the gates belonged to wood species widely used in the middle age: Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies. The chemical characterisations were based on the use of ionic liquid as dissolving medium in order to analyse the entire cell wall material by means of Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and 2D-NMR-HSQC techniques. This multidisciplinary analytical approach was able to highlight the complex nature of the degradation occurred during the gate operation (XVI-XVIII centuries): an intricate interplay between microbial populations (i.e. Shewanella), inorganic factors (i.e. iron from nails), physical factors and the lignocellulosic material.

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“…The ball-milled WS, WS/SE, and WS/SSF samples were dissolved in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [amim]Cl and then reacted with benzoyl chloride or acetyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. This system, developed by Kilpeläinen et al (2007), has been extensively utilized on lignocellulosic materials characterization (Zoia et al 2011;Salanti et al 2012) and for archaeological wood chemical characterization (Zoia et al 2015). The per-acetylated materials developed enhanced solubility in DMSO-d6, which allowed for 2D-HSQC-NMR analysis to be performed.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Lignocellulosic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Side-Streams from a SSF Biorefinery Plant: Wheat Straw Lignin Purification Study

Zoia¹,

Salanti²,

Tolppa³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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The lignocellulosic materials produced after each step of a biorefinery plant using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) technology on wheat straw (Triticum spp.) for bioethanol production were characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques in order to investigate the macromolecular interactions between the lignin and polysaccharides. In order to valorize the lignin cakes, a purification step was set up and the extraction conditions (acid pretreatment, temperature, time, and NaOH concentration) were optimized by a chemiometric approach in terms of yield and purity. Residual carbohydrate impurities, free and/or chemically bonded to lignin (lignin carbohydrates complexes), were individuate as the most critical factor for a satisfactory lignin extraction. Finally, the lignin samples collected according to the optimized extraction conditions were chemically characterized and low molecular weight, high phenols concentration, and low carboxylic acids content were recognized as interesting features for industrial applications.

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Chemical characterization of archaeological wood: Softwood Vasa and hardwood Riksapplet case studies

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

A review of analytical methods for assessing preservation in waterlogged archaeological wood and their application in practice

A review of analytical methods for assessing preservation in waterlogged archaeological wood and their application in practice

Integrated biological and chemical characterisation of a pair of leonardesque canal lock gates

Valorization of Side-Streams from a SSF Biorefinery Plant: Wheat Straw Lignin Purification Study

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