Chemical characterization and water content determination of bio-oils obtained from various biomass species using³¹P NMR spectroscopy

In situ upgrading of whole biomass to biofuel precursors with low average molecular weight and acidity by the use of zeolite mixture

“…[27][28][29][30][31][32] The use of HSQC-NMR (heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation-nuclear magnetic resonance) could provide a detailed analysis for the whole portion of bio-oils. Only about 55% of pyrolysis oils has been reported to be detected by GC and HPLC.…”

Chapter 9: Upgrade of Bio-Oil to Bio-Fuel and Bio-Chemical

“…Cellulose pyrolysis oil is relatively more stable than the lignin pyrolysis oil under the same aging condition, which may be due to the less complexity, since about 50% of carbon signals came from levoglucosan. Compared with the pine, there are more methoxyl groups in the poplar pyrolysis oil, which can be readily attributed to the fact that the hardwood contains syringyl type lignin 49,50 with two methoxyl groups per benzene ring. For this pyrolysis oil, the differences between the fresh and aged oil are more significant than that from pine wood.…”

Chapter 8: Pyrolysis of Biomass to Bio-Oils

“…Most recently, some research 44,71,[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] have introduced NMR, including quantitative 1 H, 31 P and 13 C-NMR, and semi-quantitative HSQC-NMR to characterize pyrolysis oils. Mullen et al 82 analyzed various pyrolysis oils produced from switchgrass, alfalfa stems, corn stover, guayule (whole plant and latex-extracted bagasse), and chicken litter by 1 H, 13 C, and 13 C-DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement Polarization Transfer)-NMR.…”

“…NMR detectable functional groups in pyrolysis oils 44,71,[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]99. The HSQC-NMR and13 C-NMR detectable functional groups are based on our previous work which are the first reported efforts in the literature to fully characterize pyrolysis oil by NMR.…”