Chemical Characterization and Source Identification of Particulate Matter at an Urban Site of Navi Mumbai, India

Despite intensive research over the past three decades, a generally accepted standard method to measure black carbon (BC) or elemental carbon (EC) still does not exist. Data on BC and EC concentrations are method specific and can differ widely. This work was motivated by the lack of any prior study that established the variability between these two measures of carbonaceous particulate matter. Measurements of BC and EC were performed at different locations across Asia and the South Pacific in both urban and suburban locations. Filter samples were collected during the winter of 2007 to the winter of 2010 and analyzed for both BC and EC. EC was measured using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE_A) protocol. Black carbon was measured by the EELS reflectometer (Diffusion Systems, Ltd). Bangladesh had the highest correlation coefficient of 0.93. Bangkok, Thailand on the other hand had the lowest correlation coefficient of 0.34. A review of previously reported source apportionment of BC concentrations in these locations showed that New Zealand had the highest percentage (82%) of BC from biomass while Mongolia had the lowest percentage of 3.1%. The fraction of BC emissions from diesel vehicles was found predominant in Mumbai, India with values as high as 80%. Mongolia had the lowest emission of BC from diesel vehicle (5.4%) with coal-and biomass-combustion being the dominant sources.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Variation between EC and BC in a Variety of Locations

Salako

Hopke

Cohen

et al. 2012

“…The formation of fog and haze is associated with high aerosol loading from anthropogenic sources as well as formation of secondary aerosols via gas-to-particle conversion under favorable meteorological conditions (Reilly et al, 2001;Husain et al, 2004;Sun et al, 2006;Fang et al, 2011;). Recent studies suggest that a significant fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain are comprised of carbonaceous aerosol (~30-35% of the PM) and water-soluble inorganic species (~10-20% of the PM) over IGP and other locations in India Rengarajan et al, 2007;Ram et al, 2010a;Deshmukh et al, 2011;Kothai et al, 2011). During the wintertime, low ambient temperatures (range: ~10-20°C, at times dipping as low as 5°C) and weak winds (< 2 m/s) and boundary layer height (~500-800 m) favour stable atmosphere, leading to poor convective mixing and accumulation of pollutants in the lower atmosphere (Nair et al, 2007;Ram et al, 2010a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonaceous and Secondary Inorganic Aerosols during Wintertime Fog and Haze over Urban Sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Ram

Sarin

Sudheer

et al. 2012

137

The chemical composition of total suspended particulate (TSP) matter and secondary aerosol formation have been studied during wintertime fog and haze events from urban sites (Allahabad and Hisar) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The atmospheric abundances of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC) suggest that organic matter is a major component of TSP, followed by concentrations of sulphate and nitrate under varying meteorological conditions. The concentrations of EC, OC, and WSOC show a nearly 30% increase during fog and haze events at Allahabad and a marginal increase at Hisar; whereas inorganic constituents (NH 4 + , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− ) are 2-3 times higher than those during clear days at both the locations. The sulphur and nitrogen oxidation ratios (SOR and NOR) also exhibit significant increases suggesting possible enhancement of secondary formation of SO 4 2− and NO 3 − during fog and haze events. The significant correlation between NH 4 + -SO 4 2− (R 2 = 0.66, n = 61) and an NH 4 + /SO 4 2− equivalent ratio ≥ 1 during fog-haze conditions suggest nearcomplete neutralization of sulphuric acid by ammonia. In contrast, NH 4 + /SO 4 2− equivalent ratios are less than 1 during normal days suggesting an NH 3 -deficient environment and the possible association of SO 4 2− with mineral dust for neutralization. Secondary inorganic aerosol formation and their hygroscopic growth can have significant impact on atmospheric chemistry, air-quality and visibility impairment during fog-haze events over northern India.

“…This factor could be attributed to the textile related industries. Since Cu and Cr complexes are mostly used in abundance in the industries of textile, dyes and intermediates, it is suspected that this could be the source of emission for these elements having high loadings in the fifth factor of fine particulates (Kothai et al, 2011). Also about 6% of the industries in the nearby industrial belt comprise dye and textile industries (Srivastava and Som, 2007).…”

Section: Source Identification Of Fine Pm Using Famentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The irradiated samples are then analysed by gamma spectrometry using a High Purity Germanium coaxial P-type detector with 50% relative efficiency and with an energy resolution of 2 keV at 1,332 keV energy. Information regarding elemental analysis using INAA is presented elsewhere in detail (Kothai et al, 2011).…”

Section: Elemental and Bc Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Two Receptor Model Techniques for the Size Fractionated Particulate Matter Source Apportionment

Parthasarathy

Sahu

Pandit

2016

The goal of the study is to investigate elemental concentrations and source signatures of particulate matter at a selected receptor site in an urban area Navi Mumbai which is one of the hot spots of India with heavy industrialization. To achieve the objective, particulate matter samples were collected from 2008-2010 using Gent sampler with the automatic dichotomous size segregation unit. It was observed that the three year average concentrations of coarse ((PM 10-2.5µm ) and fine (PM 2.5µm ) fractions of PM were 89.92 (µg m -3 ) and 42.25 (µg m -3 ) respectively which were higher than the national standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India. Subsequent elemental analysis of air filters using INAA and EDXRF showed marginally higher levels of anthropogenic derived elements. Furthermore, in the present study potentially contributing sources of coarse and fine PM were identified using two different receptor model techniques Factor Analysis (FA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Six possible contributing sources of coarse fraction and seven probable sources of fine PM were identified by both the techniques. Further, sources identified by the receptor techniques and the comparability between the two techniques were also evaluated.