Chemical characterization and source apportionment of fine and coarse particulate matter in Lahore, Pakistan

Stone, Elizabeth A.; Schauer, James J.; Quraishi, Tauseef A.; Mahmood, Abid

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.015

Cited by 177 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…200 and 330 µg m −3 annual average concentrations of PM 2.5 and PM 10 respectively, in Lahore, Pakistan, about five times the levels in Mexico City during MILAGRO (Stone et al, 2010b). As in the case of many Asian megacities, carbonaceous aerosols are important contributors to PM 2.5 in Mexico City.…”

Section: Ambient Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

et al. 2010

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Abstract. MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations) is an international collaborative project to examine the behavior and the export of atmospheric emissions from a megacity. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) -one of the world's largest megacities and North America's most populous city -was selected as the case study to characterize the sources, concentrations, transport, and transformation processes of the gases and fine particles emitted to the MCMA atmosphere and to evaluate the regional and global impacts of these emissions. The findings of this study are relevant to the evolution and impacts of pollution from many other megacities.The measurement phase consisted of a month-long series of carefully coordinated observations of the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere in and near Mexico City duringCorrespondence to: L. T. Molina (ltmolina@mit.edu) March 2006, using a wide range of instruments at ground sites, on aircraft and satellites, and enlisting over 450 scientists from 150 institutions in 30 countries. Three ground supersites were set up to examine the evolution of the primary emitted gases and fine particles. Additional platforms in or near Mexico City included mobile vans containing scientific laboratories and mobile and stationary upward-looking lidars. Seven instrumented research aircraft provided information about the atmosphere over a large region and at various altitudes. Satellite-based instruments peered down into the atmosphere, providing even larger geographical coverage. The overall campaign was complemented by meteorological forecasting and numerical simulations, satellite observations and surface networks. Together, these research observations have provided the most comprehensive characterization of the MCMA's urban and regional atmospheric composition and chemistry that will take years to analyze and evaluate fully.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. L. T. Molina et al.: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformationIn this paper we review over 120 papers resulting from the MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign that have been published or submitted, as well as relevant papers from the earlier MCMA-2003 Campaign, with the aim of providing a road map for the scientific community interested in understanding the emissions from a megacity such as the MCMA and their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper describes the measurements performed during MILAGRO and the results obtained on MCMA's atmospheric meteorology and dynamics, emissions of gases and fine particles, sources and concentrations of volatile organic compounds, urban and regional photochemistry, ambient particulate matter, aerosol radiative properties, urban plume characterization, and health studies. A summary of key findings from the field study is presented.

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Section: Ambient Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

et al. 2010

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“…In order to develop effective control strategies, it is critical to understand which sources contribute to their total mass (Chow and Watson, 2002;Saarnio et al, 2010). Source apportionment techniques, such as chemical mass balance (CMB) (Stone et al, 2008(Stone et al, , 2010 and positive matrix factorization (PMF) (Healy et al, 2010;Lanz et al, 2007), have been developed and widely used for source apportionment. In both CMB and PMF models, concentrations of tracers for different sources are necessary as input parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation kinetics of levoglucosan initiated by hydroxyl radical under different environmental conditions

Lai

Liu

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Environment

142

132

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h i g h l i g h t sMixing state significantly slows down the reactivity of levoglucosan toward OH. Low RH and high temperature are favorable to degradation of levoglucosan. Degradation of levoglucosan should be prominent in the atmosphere. To understand the atmospheric stability of levoglucosan, which is a major molecular tracer used for source apportionment of biomass burning aerosols, degradation kinetics of levoglucosan by hydroxyl radical (OH) have been investigated using a flow reactor under different conditions. The second-order rate constant (k 2 ) for the degradation of pure levoglucosan by OH is (9.17 AE 1.16) Â 10 À12 cm 3 molecules À1 s À1 at 25 C and 40% relative humidity (RH), while it depends on environmental conditions such as temperature, RH, and mixing state. At 25 C, k 2 of pure levoglucosan linearly decreases with increasing RH (k 2 ¼ (1.50 AE 0.04) Â 10 À11 À (1.31 AE 0.11) Â 10 À11 RH), while it increases with increasing temperature and follows the Arrhenius equation k 2 ¼ (6.2 AE 5.6) Â 10 À9 exp[(e1922.5 AE 268.2)/T] when the RH is 40%. At 25 C and 40% RH, compared to pure levoglucosan, levoglucosan coated on (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NaCl (levoglucosan@(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and levoglucosan@NaCl) shows larger k 2 to OH with (9.53 AE 0.39) Â 10 À12 and (10.3 AE 0.45) Â 10 À12 cm 3 molecules À1 s À1 , respectively, whereas levoglucosan coated on soot (levoglucosan@soot) shows the smaller k 2 of (4.04 AE 0.29) Â 10 À12 cm 3 molecules À1 s À1 . Either (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NaCl internally mixed with levoglucosan ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 @levoglucosan and NaCl@levoglucosan) prominently inhibits the degradation of levoglucosan. Based on the rate constants, atmospheric lifetimes of levoglucosan were estimated to be 1.2e3.9 days under different conditions. All the results indicate that the degradation of levoglucosan by OH is prominent during air mass aging, and it should have an important influence on the uncertainty of source apportionment if the contribution of degradation to levoglucosan concentration is not considered in source apportionment models. a r t i c l e i n f o

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“…3 and 4 for both the PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 samples (Begum et al, 2010;Stone et al, 2010). The presence of K in both factors indicated that the local soil is strongly contaminated by the biological materials and may also be incorporating the contribution from biomass burning.…”

Section: Identified Sources and Source Profilesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Elemental markers of motor vehicle emissions include Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, and BC (Almeida et al, 2006;Begum et al, 2010;Stone et al, 2010;Chow et al, 2004). The motor vehicles sources were classified further into gasoline and diesel sources that were resolved in fine PM while vehicular emissions including two-stroke engines were resolved in the coarse PM.…”

Section: Identified Sources and Source Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in Industrial Areas of Kaduna, Northern Nigeria

Orogade

Owoade

Hopke

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study was conducted to investigate the sources of fine and coarse airborne particulate matter in an urban environment in Nigeria. A total of 278 samples were collected over a twelve-month period from two industrial areas (Kudenda agricultural processing AP and Refinery industries NNPC) in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria for PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 on nuclepore polycarbonate filters using a Gent sampler. Elemental concentrations and black carbon analyses were performed using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical transmissometry respectively. The annual average concentrations for PM 2.5 at each site (Kudenda and NNPC) were 135.7 µg m -3 and 37.2 µg m -3 and for PM 2.5-10 , concentrations were 269.2 µg m -3 and 97.4 µg m -3 , respectively. These values exceeded the Nigerian Annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 15 µg m -3 for PM 2.5 and 60 µg m -3 for PM 10 . Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify sources and quantify their contribution to pollutants at the sampling sites in one of the most industrialized cities in Nigeria. Four sources were resolved for both PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 and were identified as: Residual oil 49% (17.16 ± 0.04 µg m -3 ), Soil 29% (10.36 ± 0.26 µg m -3 ), Continental dust 18% (6.20 ± 0.18 µg m -3 ), and Motor vehicles emissions 4% (1.56 ± 0.02 µg m -3 ) for PM 2.5 while that for PM 2.5-10 were Soil 50% (27.37 ± 1.03 µg m -3 ), Continental dust 21% (11.55 ± 0.26 µg m -3 ), Vehicular emissions 18% (9.87 ± 0.03 µg m -3 ), and Petrochemical 11% (6.23 ± 0.02 µg m -3 ). About 82% and 79% were attributed to anthropogenic sources for both fine and coarse samples, respectively. Continental dust was associated with northwesterly and northerly regional transport. Residual oil combustion was the predominant fine PM source and was attributed to fuel oil combustion for power generation and process energy within the local industrial areas. Although transported continental dust is an important source, the majority of the airborne PM in this industrial area was the result of local emissions.

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Chemical characterization and source apportionment of fine and coarse particulate matter in Lahore, Pakistan

Cited by 177 publications

References 40 publications

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation

Degradation kinetics of levoglucosan initiated by hydroxyl radical under different environmental conditions

Source Apportionment of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in Industrial Areas of Kaduna, Northern Nigeria

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