Chemical characterization and mass closure of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site in Karachi – Pakistan

Source Apportionment of PM10 at an Urban Site of a South Asian Mega City

“…They report that seven different types of sources namely, sea salt, cement, steel mill, fossil fuel, soil, biological, and mobile sources contributed to ambient air, whereas vehicular traffic emission was the major contributor. Shahid et al (2016) have reported PM 2.5 concentration of 75 µg m -3 in Karachi. Mansha et al (2012) has described PM 2.5 concentration and corresponding source apportionment using PMF model at an urban site in Karachi and showed that the sea salt originated from the Arabian Sea while road dust, transport and inudustrial emissions are major contributors to secondary aerosols.…”

“…Yakub and Iqbal (2010) studied the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia due to lead (Pb) level in blood of a low income urban population in Karachi. Shahid et al (2016) reported chemical characterization of PM 10 and PM 2.5 that included Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), soluble ions, anyhdro sugars and mass closure. All the studies mentioned above reported PM 10 and TSP concentrations only one Mansha et al (2012) has used PMF model for PM 2.5 This study is an attempt to estimate the contribution of five differnet sectors in PM 10 mass using trace metals concentrations in PMF model.…”

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

“…The leaded petroleum fractions and battery manufacturing were regarded as major sources of emission. The average Pb [77] From Northern Pakistan during January, April, July, and October of 2006 PM2.5 [79] From Islamabad (around official buildings and industrial estate) during 2007-2011 and from Lahore (residential area), Peshawar (road site), and Quetta (high traffic area) during 2007-2008 PM2.5 [80] From major industrial area of Peshawar and samples were collected during first 20 days of April 2011 PM2.5 and PM10 [81] From indoor environment of 15 households located in Lahore with sample collection during different seasons from March 2012 to January 2013 with sampling duration of 72 h PM2.5 [114] From indoor and outdoor environment of an educational institute located at a high-traffic site in Lahore with sampling duration of 24 h for each sample PM2.5 [83] From an educational institution located at Khanspur during summer (May) and winter (December) for sampling duration of 24 PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM total [84] From a tourist spot located in Shogran for sampling duration of 24 h PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM total [85] From indoor environment of houses having different floor structures located in Gujranwala PM1, PM2.5, PM4, and PM10 [86] In total, 25 samples were collected from an urban site influenced by road transport located in Lahore during March of 2010 PM10 and TSP [87] From indoor and outdoor environment of various industrial and residential sites located in the metropolitan city of Lahore during December 2001 to January 2002 with sampling duration of 8-24 h SPM [47] From Karachi (urban site), Lahore (Residential site), Rawalpindi (densely populated commercial site), and Peshawar (road site) during March and April of 2010 PM2.5 and PM10 [50] From a typical urban area (having adjoining small scale industrial setup accompanied by high traffic burdens) located in Lahore with sample collection every sixth day from 12 January 2007-19 January 2008 PM 2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5 [88] In total, 129 samples were collected from an urban site in Lahore (near two airports) with 6 h of sampling from November 2005 to January 2006 PM2.5 [89] From 33 urban sites located in six cities (Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Peshawar) with duration of 24 h per sample from 2003 to 2004 PM10 and TSP [32] From a busy road site in Karachi with sampling duration of 6 h and two sites in Islamabad (having industrial and rural areas) with sampling duration of 24 h from 10 December 1998-08 January 1999 TSP [48] www.advancedsciencenews.com www.clean-journal.com Table 4. Summary of some recent studies conducted in Pakistan with special reference to elemental profile.…”

“…[52] The concentrations of almost all the ions were higher than the inventories from Karachi. [77] Morphological characterization is an important parameter to estimate the true toxicity potential of particulates. In this regard, Shahid et al [76] carried out a unique study by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and described the size range (1.2-20.4 μm) of solid aerosols collected from the environment of Faisalabad along with different morphological structures.…”

“…Various source apportionment studies such as positive matrix factorization, UNMIX, principal component analysis, and wind [77] From six selected sampling sites located at the Indus River Basin along its course through Pakistan with frequency of five samples per site from October to December of 2012…”