Chemical aspects of peracetic acid based wastewater disinfection

Luukkonen, Tero; Teeriniemi, Juhani; Prokkola, Hanna; Rämö, Jaakko; Lassi, Ulla

doi:10.4314/wsa.v40i1.9

Cited by 49 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The decrease of wastewater pH as a result of PAA dosing is insignificant in the dosing area typically used for municipal wastewater disinfection [112,152]. However, in some industrial uses, very high concentrations are required, which might in turn decrease pH significantly.…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) increase as a result of peracid dosing and it is possible to calculate the theoretical increase based on the peracid equilibrium composition [152]. to triple in one study when using a 10 mg/L PAA dose [92].…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, also a decrease of COD has been observed, this was explained by oxidation of organic material [123]. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) measurement can be interfered by residual peracid, since the bacteria performing the decomposition could be eliminated and oxygen is released from peroxides during the test [152]. As a result, BOD has been reported to either decrease, stay unchanged, or increase as a result of peracid dosing [112,123,147,152].…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

Luukkonen

Pehkonen

2016

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

255

122

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Peracids have gained interest in the water treatment over the last few decades. Peracetic acid (CH 3 CO 3 H) has already become an accepted alternative disinfectant in wastewater disinfection whereas performic acid (CHO 3 H) has been studied much less, although it is also already commercially available. Peracids have also been tested for drinking water disinfection, oxidation of aqueous (micro)pollutants, sludge treatment and ballast water treatment, to name just a few examples. The purpose of this review paper is to represent comprehensive up-to-date information about the water treatment applications, aqueous reaction mechanisms, and disinfection byproduct formation of peracids, namely performic, peracetic and perpropionic acids. and PFA have several of the qualities of an ideal disinfectant: toxicity to microorganisms, but not to higher forms of life; effectivity at ambient temperatures; stability and long shelf-life; low corrosivity; deodorizing ability; widespread availability and reasonable cost [12].PAA and PFA are colorless liquids with characteristic pungent odors. Both are thermodynamically unstable and can decompose spontaneously or explode when highly concentrated, heated, under mechanical stress or exposed to catalytic effects of impurities [1,13,14]. The recommended storage temperatures are below 30 and 20°C for PAA and PFA, respectively [6,14]. Longer carbon chain length increases stability, and thus PAA is more stable than PFA [1]. However, the O-O bond dissociation energy of PFA and PAA has been calculated to be similar: 48 kcal/mol [15]. Percarboxylic acids have typically pK a values 3-4 units higher than the parent carboxylic acids [1]. Nonetheless, PFA and PAA are corrosive [16]. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3Exposure to PAA and PFA causes irritation and possibly permanent damage to the skin (cutaneous emphysema), eyes and the respiratory system. In the skin contact, 0.2% is proposed as the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for short and medium length exposure [17].When inhaled, airborne concentrations less than 0.16-0.17 ppm (0.50-0.52 mg/m 3 ) are considered to cause no irritation [17,18]. However, higher concentrations are harmful and a case study suggested that PAA could cause occupational asthma [19].The largest users of PAA on a global scale (estimated in 2013) are shown in Fig. 1. Similar numbers are not available for PFA, but it is probably used at significantly lower quantities.The largest user, the food industry, applies PAA as a disinfectant in fresh produce washing water, clean-in-place (CIP) processes, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers, to name just a few examples [21,22]. PFA is also a suitable disinfectant in low-temperature refrigerated food processing and storage rooms [23]. In healthcare, PAA is used for instance in Recently, methods to determine the residual PAA from wastewater were compared: the spectrophotometric method using DPD and catalase was recommended for 0.1-0.5 mg/L PAA concentrations and the cerimetric/iodometric titration...

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Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

Luukkonen

Pehkonen

2016

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

255

122

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“…E. coli at a concentration of less than 250 CFU/100 mL was observed in Finland in the effluent of a WWTP disinfected with PAA (doses of 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L; contact time 10-15 min). With these doses, a reduction of 1.68 log of E. coli concentration was obtained, which led to compliance with the Finnish bathing water standards (<500 CFU/100 mL) which sets the quality requirements for monitoring of public bathing waters [9]. A reduction of faecal indicators was also observed by De Luca et al [11], who monitored the wastewaters disinfected with PAA (1.5 mg/L; contact time 18-20 min) in a WWTP located in northern Italy (equivalent inhabitants of approximately 1,000,000).…”

Section: Salmonella E Coli O157:h7 Campylobactermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting DNA was used for PCR amplification. Details about the PCR analysis for E. coli O157 gene, H7 gene, the E. coli virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae), Salmonella spp., and pathogenic Campylobacter were previously reported [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Microbiological Analyses For Pathogen Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peracetic Acid (PAA) Disinfection: Inactivation of Microbial Indicators and Pathogenic Bacteria in a Municipal Wastewater Plant

Bonetta¹,

Pignata²,

Lorenzi

et al. 2017

Water

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Abstract:Several studies have noted that treated and untreated wastewaters are primary contributors of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms to the aquatic ecosystem. Conventional wastewater treatment may not be sufficient to achieve microbiologically safe effluent to be discharged into natural waters or reused, thus requiring wastewater effluents to be disinfected. In recent years, peracetic acid (PAA) has been adopted as a disinfectant for wastewater effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the disinfection efficiency of PAA at low doses (range 0.99-2.10 mg/L) against microbial indicators and pathogenic bacteria in a municipal wastewater plant. Samples of untreated sewage and effluents before and after PAA treatment were collected seasonally for 1 year and were analysed for pathogenic Campylobacter, Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli virulence genes using molecular methods; moreover, the detection of specific microbial indicators (E. coli, faecal coliforms, enterococci, C. perfringens) and Salmonella spp. were carried out using culturing methods. Salmonella spp. DNA was found in all untreated sewage and effluent before PAA treatment, whereas it was recovered in 50% of the samples collected after PAA treatment. Although E. coli O157:H7 was never identified, the occurrence of Shiga-like toxin I amplicons was identified in 75% of the untreated sewage samples, in 50% of the effluents assayed before PAA treatment, and in 25% of the effluents assayed after PAA treatment, whereas the stx2 gene was never found. Campylobacter coli was only detected in one effluent sample before PAA treatment. In the effluents after PAA treatment, a lower load of indicator bacteria was observed compared to the effluents before treatment. The results of this study highlight that the use of low doses of PAA seems to lead to an improvement of the microbiological quality of the effluent, although it is not sufficient to guarantee its suitability for irrigation. These results underscore the need for additional studies to further assess the efficiency of PAA disinfection in municipal wastewater plants.

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