Chemical and structural changes of pretreated empty fruit bunch (EFB) in ionic liquid-cellulase compatible system for fermentability to bioethanol

Abstract

The pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) was conducted using an integrated system of IL and cellulases (IL-E), with simultaneous fermentation in one vessel. The cellulase mixture () was derived from by solid-state fermentation. Choline acetate [Cho]OAc was utilized for the pretreatment due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The treated EFB and its hydrolysate were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The results showed that there were significant structural changes in EFB after the treatment in IL-E system. The sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis by the was increased from 0.058 g/g of EFB in the crude sample (untreated) to 0.283 and 0.62 ± 06 g/g in IL-E system after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively. The EFB hydrolysate showed the eligibility for ethanol production without any supplements where ethanol yield was 0.275 g ethanol/g EFB in the presence of the IL, while lower yield obtained without IL-pretreatment. Moreover, it was demonstrated that furfural and phenolic compounds were not at the level of suppressing the fermentation process.

Ionic Liquids as a Sustainable Platform for Nanocellulose Processing from Bioresources: Overview and Current Status

“…Most of the cellulosic biopolymers/compounds can be solubilized in many ILs easily at ambient conditions in contrast to the conventional methods employing harsh operating conditions. Interestingly, imidazolium-based ILs ([Bmim]­[Cl], [Emim]­[OAc], and [Bmim]­[HSO 4 ]) have been used in most of the processes due to their strong ability to dissolve and hydrolyze cellulosic materials. − In this section, we will discuss comprehensively different types of ILs employed to isolate nanocellulose from different cellulosic compounds. The treatment methods and processing conditions in which NC was isolated are also reported.…”

Cascade utilization of lignocellulosic biomass to high-value products

“…The result illustrated that ChAc is stronger than ChBu for removing lignin and increasing the cellulose content. 208 Socha et al investigated the ILs derived from lignin and hemicellulose. 209 Switchgrass, poplar, eucalyptus, corn stover, pine, and rice straw were used as feedstocks to prepare furfural, vanillin and p-anisaldehyde, and then applied to synthesize dihydrogen phosphate ILs.…”

Influence of ionic liquid on Novozym 435-catalyzed the transesterification of castor oil and ethyl caffeate

“…Ionic liquids (ILs), consist of a large asymmetric cation and a diminutive anion, have been known as environmental friendly media as well as catalysts (Vekariya 2017;Rantwijk and Sheldon 2007;Cole et al 2002;Elgharbawy et al 2018a;Lunagariya et al 2017;Ullah et al 2018;Wang and Sun 2017). Compared with the conventional organic solvents, ILs have many advantages in some extraction processes, for examples, satisfactory stability, high polarity, no vapor pressure, and a wide range of dissolution as well as liquid temperature (Chakraborty et al 2012;Elgharbawy et al 2018b;Koo et al2006;Katsoura et al 2009;Liu et al 2013;Nag et al 2007;Reilly et al 2017;Saha et al 2017bSaha et al , 2018Zhao et al 2002). Moreover, for some enzymatic reaction, ILs can protect enzyme from thermal inactivation and possess excellent reaction selectivity for some enzymatic transesterification (Rantwijk et al 2003;Housaindokht et al 2013).…”