Chemical and Skincare Property Characterization of the Main Cocoa Byproducts: Extraction Optimization by RSM Approach for Development of Sustainable Ingredients

Abstract

Methylxanthines and polyphenols from cocoa byproducts should be considered for their application in the development of functional ingredients for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Different cocoa byproducts were analyzed for their chemical contents, and skincare properties were measured by antioxidant assays and anti-skin aging activity. Musty cocoa beans (MC) and second-quality cocoa beans (SQ) extracts showed the highest polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities. In the collagenase and elastase inhibition study, the highest effect was observed for the SQ extract with 86 inhibition and 36% inhibition, respectively. Among cocoa byproducts, the contents of catechin and epicatechin were higher in the SQ extract, with 18.15 mg/100 g of sample and 229.8 mg/100 g of sample, respectively. Cocoa bean shells (BS) constitute the main byproduct due to their methylxanthine content (1085 mg of theobromine and 267 mg of caffeine/100 g of sample). Using BS, various influencing factors in the extraction process were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM), before scaling up separations. The extraction process developed under optimized conditions allows us to obtain almost 2 g/min and 0.2 g/min of total methylxanthines and epicatechin, respectively. In this way, this work contributes to the sustainability and valorization of the cocoa production chain.

Towards Bioprospection of Commercial Materials of Mentha spicata L. Using a Combined Strategy of Metabolomics and Biological Activity Analyses

“…The Folin-Ciocalteu method was carried out to determine the TPC content of each extract [ 48 ]. Gallic acid, in a dynamic range of 10 to 100 μg/mL, was used as a reference standard.…”

Innovative Approaches to an Eco-Friendly Cosmetic Industry: A Review of Sustainable Ingredients

“…However, only 20% of cocoa is used, and the other 80% is discarded or applied as biodiesel. In these residues, there are several polyphenols with antioxidant action (procyanidins (27) and catechins (4), anti-inflammatory epicatechin (28), protective against tooth degradation theobromine (29), sunscreen epicatechin and catechins, and promoter of collagen synthesis catechins) (Figure 11) [108]. Lignocellulose is a compound widely found in plant biomass that belongs to the cell walls.…”

Cocoa Bean Shell: A By-Product with High Potential for Nutritional and Biotechnological Applications

“…For example, Grillo et al, 2019 [30] used ultrasonic-assisted extraction to obtain CBS extracts with an amount of 51 mg GAE/g and 8 mg/g of TPC and methylxanthines, respectively. Agudelo et al, 2021 [83] subjected CBS to the UAE methodology and recovered a maximum amount of 8.3 mg/g of theobromine, 0.17 mg/g of catechin and 3.8 mg/g of epicatechin. Jokić et al, 2018 [60] employed subcritical water extraction (SWE), obtaining a maximum of 130 mg GAE/g CBS, and reported the detection of alkaloids (theobromine, theophylline and caffeine), catechin, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid in the resulting broths.…”