Chemical and Mineralogical Nature of The Sediments of Sawa Lake in Muthanna Governorate, Southwestern Iraq

Abstract

The sediments of the Sawa lake surrounded area, southern Iraq, have unique proprieties that are interesting to researchers. Four sites located at varying distances from the lake were selected to study some of the properties of the lake sediment. The results indicate that the study soil is saline soils because of the values of the three salinity criteria (EC, TDS, and NaCl(. The values of electrical conductivity ranged between (100.11 and 74.78) ds.m−1for surface depths, whereas for subsurface depths ranged between (14.66 and 38.55) ds.m−1. The values of the total soluble salts ranged from (7.4 and 85.67) g/L. The percentage of sodium chloride ranged between (3.1 and 8.5)%. The results present that the soils of the study fall within the neutral to the low basal soils as the values of the degree of interaction ranged between (7.00 and 7.55). The sand proportion in soil texture was more than clay and loam proportions, which ranged between (420 and 780) g.kg−1. The dominance of the intermediate soil texture (loam) category for most depths of the study soil (S.C.L, S.L(. The distribution of sand particles of different sizes took the following patterns: The first location, which is far from the lake was the dominance of the soft particles rather than coarse particles. The second site, the closest to the lake, was the dominance of rougher particles. The soft and semi-soft particles of the sand were prevalent in the third and fourth sites, which were the distances between (155) m to (147) m, respectively. The results indicated the convergence of sediment content of light and heavy metals in all locations and homogeneity of distribution of metals in all sites.

Effect of Rhizobium Leguminosarum Inoculum, Rice Hulls, and Urea Fertilizer on Broad Bean Plants’ Growth and Yield Traits (Vicia faba L.)

“…S5 + R1 produced the highest significant rise in the average final yield of 9.767 mg/ha compared to the control treatment of 3.380 mg/ha. This is because the organic fertilizer has an impact on increasing the efficiency of the bio-inoculum represented by increasing the numbers and activity of bacteria, and then increasing the availability of the nutrients, especially nitrogen, and increasing the solubility of some elements and making them readily available for absorption by the plant, thus increasing the yield [21,22,23]. As a result, the treatment (R1 + S5 + U75) recorded the highest average in the early yield of 10.982 mg/ha, but the control treatment recorded the lowest average of 2.018 mg/ha.…”

Effect of Rhizobium Leguminosarum Inoculum, Rice Hulls, and Urea Fertilizer on the Availability of Phosphorous and Potassium for the Growth and Yield of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)

“…The organic fertilizer led to the availability of nutrients and organic materials needed by microorganisms. It raised the soil content of organic matter, thus increasing the activity of rhizobia bacteria, which leads to an increase in the number of bacterial nodules [12,13]. As a result, the triple inside (R1S5U75) produced the highest plant height of 72.841 cm/plant compared to the control treatment of 60.133. their numbers in the soil, which can infect roots and form knots, consistent with studies by [6,7].…”

Impact of T. harzianum and G. mosseae Inoculum and Phosphate Rocks on the NPK Content in Barley Crop (Hordium Valgari L.)

“…The results indicated that the bilateral interaction between G. mosseae and T. harzianum made the highest significant increase in the average phosphorous content in the plant, 0.416%, compared to the control treatment of 0.268%. The reason is due to the interference role of the two organisms in secreting growth-promoting substances and the role of VAM fungi in increasing the readiness and uptake of phosphorous and its transfer to the plant [23,24]. The triple interaction between the fungus (G.mosseae and T. harzianum) and the phosphate rock made the highest significant increase in the phosphorous content in the plant, 0.437%, compared to the control treatment of 0.240%.…”

“…4) presents the significant effect of applying G.mosseae on the average plant potassium content of 2.476% compared to the control treatment of 2.185%. The reason is attributed to the role of the fungus in Glomus mossea in increasing the solubility and absorption of nutrients, including potassium [23,24]. The application of T. harzianum gave a significant increase in the average plant potassium content of 2.405% compared to the control treatment of 2.257%.…”