Chemical and mineralogical examination of metallurgical ceramics from a Late Bronze Age copper smelting site in Cyprus

Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of Central Thailand

“…Burger et al 2007, Merkel 1990), but in archaeology we must work with the assemblage at hand, and although there are means of assessing the thermal regime to which technical ceramics have been exposed (e.g. Hein et al 2007), archaeometallurgists typically rely heavily on slag sample liquidus Alternative direct techniques for measuring the same parameters include reheating archaeological slags until their liquidus is reached, and determining the relative valencies of iron within the sample by wet chemistry or Mössbauer analysis (e.g. Adetuji et al 1995) to an Ellingham (1944) diagram where the intersection of the liquidus line with phase boundaries relevant to the slag can be used to estimate ancient redox conditions ( Figure 4.2).…”

“…Hein et al 2007) on the crucibles and slag-skins was not carried out during the present study, but given the almost certain multiple use of the former it is unlikely to be an informative approach.…”

Identification and Restoration of Late Roman Amphora, 4th-6th Centuries Ad. From El-Bahnasa Site, Minia, Egypt

“…PANALYTICAL) with Ni-filtered Cu Ká target with secondary monochromator at operating conditions of 45 kV/40 mA. Furthermore, the firing temperature of pottery body was estimated from the mineral phases obtained by X-ray diffraction [19]. Microstructure and chemical constitution of the pottery sample was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) JEOL, JXA-840A, Electron Probe Micro Analyzer which coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) INCA-Sight.…”

A Preliminary Study of Furnace Materials from Shuiquangou Iron Smelting Site of Liao and Jin Period in Beijing

“…K. D. Kingery 5,6) did a very early research on observing microstructure of cooper smelting furnace lining from Rothenberg site by using SEM. After that, many cooper smelting furnace linings, crucibles and tuyeres were analyzed by R. F. Tylecote, 7) I. C. Freestone,8,9) M. S. Tite, 8,10) Thilo Rehren, [11][12][13] Yanxiang Li,14) Marcos Martinón-Torres, [15][16][17][18][19] Lesley Frame,20) Anno Hein, 21) C. P. Thornton,22) Pengfei Xie 23) and Wenli Zhou. 24) The methods they used included mineralogical, chemical and phase analysis, as well as re-firing experiment.…”